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General Biology Final Exam Key Concepts

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  • Structure containing chlorophyll

    Thylakoids contain chlorophyll in chloroplasts.

  • Source of oxygen released in photosynthesis

    Oxygen released comes from splitting water molecules.

  • Location of light reactions in photosynthesis

    Light reactions occur on and inside the thylakoid membrane.

  • Location of the Calvin cycle

    The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

  • Role of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis

    ATP and NADPH provide energy for the Calvin cycle.

  • What is transferred in a redox reaction?

    Redox reactions transfer electrons.

  • Least effective light color for photosynthesis

    Green light is least effective for photosynthesis.

  • Structure through which CO2 enters plants

    CO2 enters through the stomata.

  • Arrangement of thylakoids

    Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana.

  • Gradient used by ATP synthase to produce ATP

    ATP synthase uses a hydrogen ion (H+) gradient.

  • Pigment at the reaction center of photosystem

    Chlorophyll is the pigment at the reaction center.

  • Stage of photosynthesis that produces O2

    The light reactions stage produces oxygen.

  • Stage of photosynthesis that produces sugar

    The Calvin cycle produces sugar molecules.

  • What happens if no CO2 is available to plants?

    Plants cannot perform photosynthesis without CO2.

  • Function of RuBP in the Calvin cycle

    RuBP accepts CO2 to keep the Calvin cycle going.

  • Number of Calvin cycle turns to make one glucose

    The Calvin cycle must run 6 times to produce one glucose.

  • Phases included in interphase

    Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases.

  • When does DNA replication occur?

    DNA replication occurs before a cell divides.

  • What are sister chromatids?

    Sister chromatids are identical copies of the original chromosome's DNA molecule.

  • Phase when chromosomes align during mitosis

    Chromosomes align during metaphase.

  • Phase when chromatids separate

    Chromatids separate during anaphase.

  • Phase when nuclear membrane reforms

    The nuclear membrane reforms during telophase.

  • Type of cells produced by mitosis

    Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

  • Type of cells produced by meiosis

    Meiosis produces haploid gametes.

  • Stage where crossing over occurs

    Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of meiosis.

  • Definition of homologous chromosomes

    Homologous chromosomes are matching pairs in a diploid cell.

  • Effect of nondisjunction

    Nondisjunction causes abnormal gametes, such as in Down syndrome.

  • What is density-dependent inhibition?

    Growth stops or slows due to crowding.

  • Number of parents in asexual reproduction

    Asexual reproduction requires one parent.

  • Effect of sexual reproduction on genetic variation

    Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation.