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General Biology: Genetics, Cell Division, and Evolution Review

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • Cleavage furrow
    The indentation that begins the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, leading to cell division.
  • Co-dominance
    An inheritance pattern where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.
  • Polygenic inheritance
    A trait controlled by two or more genes, often resulting in continuous variation.
  • Non-disjunction
    Failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis, causing aneuploidy.
  • Biogeography
    The study of the geographic distribution of species and ecosystems.
  • Hominoids
    A group of primates that includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
  • Mitosis
    A cell division process producing two identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair.
  • Meiosis
    A cell division process producing four haploid gametes with genetic variation.
  • Cyclins
    Proteins that regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases.
  • Vestigial structures
    Anatomical features that have lost their original function through evolution.
  • Comparative anatomy versus biochemistry
    Comparative anatomy studies structural similarities; biochemistry compares molecular and genetic similarities.
  • Bottleneck effect
    A sharp reduction in population size leading to decreased genetic diversity.
  • Prophase I and crossing over
    Stage in meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material.
  • Cell differentiation
    Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
  • Genotype versus phenotype
    Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable traits.
  • Homo erectus
    An extinct hominin species known for upright walking and use of tools.
  • Mendel
    Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, discovered the basic laws of inheritance.
  • Epigenetics
    Study of heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence.
  • Homozygous versus heterozygous
    Homozygous has two identical alleles; heterozygous has two different alleles.
  • Cri du chat syndrome
    A genetic disorder caused by deletion on chromosome 5, characterized by a cat-like cry.
  • Diploid versus haploid
    Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes; haploid cells have one set.
  • Sex-linked versus sex-influenced traits
    Sex-linked traits are on sex chromosomes; sex-influenced traits are autosomal but expressed differently by sex.
  • Adaptive radiation
    Rapid evolution of many species from a common ancestor to fill diverse ecological niches.
  • Alleles
    Different versions of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
  • Sexual dimorphism
    Differences in appearance between males and females of the same species.
  • Gamete versus zygote
    Gametes are haploid sex cells; a zygote is the diploid cell formed by their fusion.
  • Monohybrid cross
    A genetic cross between individuals differing in one trait to determine genotype and phenotype ratios.
  • Types of chromosome abnormalities
    Include deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, and nondisjunction.
  • Charles Darwin and survival of the fittest
    Darwin's theory that individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.