뒤로General Biology: Introduction to Biology and Cell Structure
02:09
이 집합의 용어 (28)
Emergent properties are new attributes that arise at each level of biological organization, not present at lower levels. Example: Heart tissue cells working together to pump blood.
1. Organization 2. Information 3. Energy and Matter 4. Interaction
From smallest to largest: Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
Domains: Bacteria, Archaea (both prokaryotes), and Eukarya (includes kingdoms like plants, animals, fungi).
1. Variation in traits 2. Heredity of traits 3. Selective pressure causing differential reproductive success.
Variation provides different traits in a population, some of which may increase survival and reproduction.
A testable and falsifiable explanation for an observation, often including a prediction.
The variable manipulated by the researcher, plotted on the x-axis in graphs.
The outcome measured in an experiment, plotted on the y-axis.
Variables kept constant to ensure that only the independent variable affects the outcome.
Used for categorical data to compare groups.
Used to show continuous data and trends over time or gradients.
Used to show relationships between two continuous variables.
Small size maintains a high surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing efficient material exchange and communication.
As cell size increases, volume grows faster than surface area, decreasing the ratio and limiting efficiency.
DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles and nucleus; DNA is circular. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and linear DNA.
Gram-positive have thick peptidoglycan walls; Gram-negative have thin walls plus an outer membrane.
Break down molecules to generate ATP, the cell's energy currency.
Eukaryotic cells evolved when early prokaryotes engulfed others, which became mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, double membranes, similar size to bacteria, and reproduce independently.
Maintains cell shape, enables movement, and organizes organelles; includes microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.
Responsible for cell contraction, shape changes, and muscle contraction.
Move organelles and chromosomes; form cilia and flagella for cell movement.
Nucleus → Rough ER → Transport vesicles → Golgi apparatus → Transport vesicles → Cell membrane.
Antibiotics target bacterial-specific structures like cell walls and prokaryotic ribosomes, absent in human cells.
Digest worn-out organelles, bacteria, and cellular debris.
Lysosomes digest materials; smooth ER synthesizes lipids, detoxifies, and stores calcium.