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General Biology Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • Cleavage furrow
    The indentation that begins the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, leading to cell division.
  • Co-dominance
    A genetic scenario where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.
  • Polygenic inheritance
    Inheritance pattern where multiple genes influence a single trait.
  • Non-disjunction
    Failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis, causing aneuploidy.
  • Biogeography
    Study of the geographic distribution of species and ecosystems.
  • Hominoids
    A group of primates including humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
  • Mitosis
    A cell division process producing two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
  • Meiosis
    A cell division process producing four genetically diverse haploid gametes.
  • Cyclins
    Proteins that regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases.
  • Vestigial structures
    Anatomical features that have lost their original function through evolution.
  • Comparative anatomy versus biochemistry
    Comparative anatomy studies physical structures; biochemistry compares molecular and genetic similarities.
  • Bottleneck effect
    A sharp reduction in population size leading to decreased genetic diversity.
  • Prophase I and crossing over
    Stage in meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing variation.
  • Cell differentiation
    Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
  • Genotype versus phenotype
    Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable traits.
  • Homo erectus
    An extinct hominid species considered a direct ancestor of modern humans.
  • Mendel's contribution
    Established the laws of inheritance based on pea plant experiments.
  • Epigenetics
    Study of heritable changes in gene expression without changes to DNA sequence.
  • Homozygous versus heterozygous
    Homozygous: two identical alleles; heterozygous: two different alleles for a gene.
  • Cri du chat syndrome
    A genetic disorder caused by deletion on chromosome 5, characterized by a cat-like cry.
  • Diploid versus haploid
    Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes; haploid cells have one set.
  • Sex-linked versus sex-influenced traits
    Sex-linked traits are on sex chromosomes; sex-influenced traits are autosomal but expressed differently by sex.
  • Adaptive radiation
    Rapid evolution of diverse species from a common ancestor in response to new environments.
  • Australopithecus afarensis
    An early hominid species known for bipedalism, exemplified by 'Lucy'.
  • Translocation (genetics)
    Chromosomal abnormality where a segment moves to a nonhomologous chromosome.
  • Charles Darwin and survival of the fittest
    Theory that individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
  • Alleles
    Different versions of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
  • Sexual dimorphism
    Differences in appearance between males and females of the same species.
  • Mendelian monohybrid cross
    Cross between two heterozygotes to study inheritance of a single trait.
  • Genetic pedigree analysis
    A chart used to track inheritance patterns of traits through generations.