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General Biology: Principles of Biology - Elements, Atoms, and Chemical Bonds

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  • What is biology?

    Biology is the scientific study of life, encompassing the study of living organisms and their vital processes.

  • What are the five broad themes in the study of life?

    Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions, and Evolution.

  • Define matter and its relation to organisms.

    Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space; organisms are composed of matter.

  • What is an element?

    An element is a substance that cannot be chemically broken down and consists of the same type of atoms.

  • What is a compound?

    A compound is a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio, with properties different from its constituent elements.

  • Which four elements make up 96% of living matter?

    Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N).

  • What are trace elements?

    Trace elements are elements required by organisms in very small amounts, e.g., iron (Fe) and iodine (I).

  • Describe the atomic structure of an atom.

    An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons (+) and neutrons (neutral), with electrons (-) orbiting in shells around the nucleus.

  • What determines an element's chemical properties?

    The structure of its atoms, especially the number and arrangement of electrons.

  • Define atomic number and mass number.

    Atomic number is the number of protons; mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

  • What are isotopes?

    Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

  • How are stable isotopes used in biological research?

    Ratios of stable isotopes (e.g., carbon-12 and carbon-13) help establish feeding links in trophic ecology.

  • What is the half-life of a radioactive isotope?

    The time it takes for half of the unstable atoms in a sample to undergo radioactive decay.

  • What role do electrons play in chemical reactions?

    Only electrons interact during chemical reactions, as nuclei do not come close enough to interact.

  • What is potential energy in electrons?

    Energy electrons possess due to their position relative to the nucleus; electrons farther from the nucleus have higher potential energy.

  • What are valence electrons and why are they important?

    Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell; they determine an atom's chemical behavior and bonding.

  • Compare ionic and covalent bonds.

    Ionic bonds form by transfer of electrons creating charged ions; covalent bonds form by sharing electron pairs between atoms.

  • What is electronegativity?

    Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons towards its nucleus in a chemical bond.

  • What is a polar covalent bond?

    A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity, creating partial charges.

  • What are hydrogen bonds?

    Weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.

  • What are van der Waals forces?

    Weak, transient attractions between molecules due to temporary charge separations caused by electron movement.