Skip to main content
뒤로

General Biology: Structure and Function of Large Biomolecules

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/30

이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • What are the four main classes of large molecules in living things?
    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • Define polymer and monomer.
    Polymer: large molecule made of repeating units. Monomer: single unit that makes up a polymer.
  • What type of reaction connects monomers to form polymers?
    Dehydration synthesis, where a water molecule is removed to form a covalent bond.
  • What reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?
    Hydrolysis, which adds water to break covalent bonds.
  • What do the root words 'hydro' and 'lysis' mean?
    Hydro means water, lysis means to break or split.
  • What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
    Monosaccharides, simple sugars like glucose.
  • What is the general formula of hexose sugars?
    C6H12O6, six-carbon sugars.
  • Name the two functional groups common to all sugars.
    Carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl group (-OH).
  • Difference between aldehyde sugar and ketone sugar?
    Aldehyde sugars have the carbonyl group at the end, ketone sugars have it within the carbon chain.
  • What term describes compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures?
    Isomers.
  • What does the suffix '-ose' mean in sugar names?
    It means sugar.
  • What is a glycosidic linkage?
    A covalent bond formed between two sugar molecules by dehydration synthesis.
  • Why can't humans digest cellulose?
    Humans lack enzymes to break beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages in cellulose; some bacteria can digest it.
  • What characteristic do all lipids share?
    They are all hydrophobic molecules.
  • What are the building blocks of fats?
    Glycerol and fatty acids.
  • How many water molecules are removed to form a fat from three fatty acids and one glycerol?
    Three water molecules are removed by dehydration synthesis.
  • What makes a fatty acid unsaturated?
    Presence of one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
  • Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
    Double bonds create kinks preventing tight packing, making them liquid.
  • What is a trans fat and why limit it?
    A hydrogenated unsaturated fat with trans double bonds; linked to heart disease.
  • What are the four levels of protein structure?
    Primary: amino acid sequence. Secondary: α-helix and β-pleated sheets. Tertiary: 3D folding. Quaternary: multiple polypeptides.
  • What is a peptide bond?
    A covalent bond linking amino acids in a protein.
  • What causes sickle-cell disease at the protein level?
    A single amino acid mutation changes hemoglobin structure, causing red blood cells to deform.
  • Define denaturation of proteins.
    Loss of protein's 3D structure and function due to heat, pH changes, or chemicals.
  • What are chaperone proteins?
    Proteins that assist in proper folding of other proteins.
  • What are the three components of a nucleotide?
    Sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
  • Which nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
    Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
  • Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?
    Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
  • How do ribose and deoxyribose sugars differ?
    Deoxyribose lacks one oxygen atom at the 2' carbon compared to ribose.
  • What is the shape of DNA?
    A double helix.
  • Why are DNA strands antiparallel?
    One strand runs 5' to 3', the other 3' to 5', allowing complementary base pairing.