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Lesson 2 - Scientific Thinking

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What is the independent variable in an experiment?

    The independent variable is the variable that is tested or manipulated by the researcher.

  • What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

    The dependent variable is the outcome or factor measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

  • Define control (comparison) group in an experiment.

    The control group is the baseline group that does not receive the experimental treatment, used for comparison.

  • Define experimental group in an experiment.

    The experimental group receives the treatment or condition being tested in the experiment.

  • What is a positive validity control?

    A positive validity control ensures the experiment works by producing a known positive result.

  • What is a negative validity control?

    A negative validity control ensures the experiment works by producing a known negative result.

  • How does the wild-type enzyme activity compare to the mutant enzyme activity with increasing galactose concentration?

    The wild-type enzyme activity decreases more sharply than the mutant enzyme as galactose concentration increases.

  • What does the mitotic index measure in cell biology?

    The mitotic index is the percentage of cells undergoing mitosis (cell division) at a given time.

  • What role does the p53 protein play after DNA damage?

    p53 blocks cell division after DNA damage to prevent replication of damaged cells, acting as a tumor suppressor.

  • Is the mutant p53 allele dominant or recessive? Explain.

    The mutant p53 allele is recessive because two mutant alleles are needed to show the mutant phenotype.

  • What happens to cells with two disrupted p53 alleles after gamma radiation?

    Cells with two disrupted p53 alleles continue dividing despite DNA damage, increasing cancer risk.

  • What is the significance of positive and negative controls in diagnostic tests like SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests?

    Positive controls confirm the test can detect the virus; negative controls confirm no contamination or false positives.

  • What does it mean if a SARS-CoV-2 test shows a positive test line but also a positive negative control?

    The test is inconclusive and may be a false positive; results cannot be trusted.

  • What is the purpose of an experimental control group in a study on lettuce contamination?

    The control group (e.g., unbagged lettuce) provides a baseline to compare contamination levels against the experimental group.

  • How do positive and negative validity controls help interpret experimental results?

    They confirm the methodology works correctly and results are trustworthy by showing expected positive or negative outcomes.

  • Design an experiment to test if Chemical X is a pre-emergence herbicide.

    Experimental group: weed seedlings treated with Chemical X.
    Control group: untreated weed seedlings.
    Independent variable: Chemical X treatment.
    Dependent variable: seedling growth or emergence.

  • What results would support the hypothesis that Chemical X is a pre-emergence herbicide?

    Weed seedlings treated with Chemical X do not emerge or grow, unlike untreated control seedlings.

  • In a genetic experiment with butterflies, what is the independent variable when testing the scarlet gene?

    The amount of scarlet protein (normal, absent, or increased) is the independent variable.

  • What is the dependent variable when testing the scarlet gene's role in butterfly eye color?

    The eye color (presence and intensity of pigment) is the dependent variable.

  • What phenotype is expected in butterflies with scarlet gene knockout?

    Knockout butterflies have pale or white eyes due to lack of normal pigment.

  • Why is it important to distinguish correlation from causation in biological studies?

    Because correlation alone does not prove one factor causes another; controlled experiments are needed to determine causation.