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Plant Nutrition, Resource Acquisition, and Transport

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What are the two main vascular tissues in plants and their functions?
    Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots, while phloem transports photosynthetic products from sources to sinks.
  • Describe the three routes of plant transport systems.
    Symplastic route crosses one membrane then cell-to-cell via cytosol and plasmodesmata. Apoplastic route moves through cell walls and extracellular spaces. Transmembrane route passes through cell walls and membranes.
  • What is water potential and how does it affect water movement in plants?
    Water potential predicts the direction of water flow during osmosis, moving from areas of high to low water potential, depending on solute concentration and pressure.
  • Explain the cohesion-tension hypothesis in xylem sap transport.
    Transpiration creates a negative pressure (tension) that pulls water upward in xylem due to cohesion between water molecules.
  • How do guard cells regulate transpiration?
    Guard cells control stomata opening by changing turgor pressure; when turgid, stomata open, and when flaccid, stomata close.
  • What is translocation in plants?
    Translocation is the transport of photosynthetic sugars through phloem from sugar sources (e.g., mature leaves) to sugar sinks (e.g., roots, fruits) via positive pressure.
  • Define essential nutrients for plants.
    Essential nutrients are elements required for a plant to complete its lifecycle, perform unique functions, and be directly involved in nutrition.
  • Differentiate between macronutrients and micronutrients in plants.
    Macronutrients are required in large amounts (e.g., N, P, K), while micronutrients are needed in trace amounts (e.g., Fe, Mn, Zn).
  • What are common symptoms of nutrient deficiency in plants?
    Deficiencies can cause stunted growth, chlorosis (yellowing leaves), and in extreme cases, cell death.
  • What is fertilization in soil management?
    Fertilization is the addition of mineral nutrients to soil, often including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to support plant growth.
  • Describe the composition of topsoil.
    Topsoil contains inorganic cations and anions, organic matter like decomposed leaves and dead organisms, and living components such as bacteria, fungi, and earthworms.
  • What role do rhizobacteria play in plant growth?
    Rhizobacteria live in the rhizosphere, exchange beneficial chemicals with roots, decompose organic matter, and help make nutrients available.
  • Explain nitrogen fixation and its importance.
    Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into usable forms (NO3- or NH4+) by rhizobacteria, essential for nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
  • What are epiphytes, parasites, and carnivorous plants?
    Epiphytes grow on other plants without harming them; parasites absorb water and nutrients from hosts; carnivorous plants photosynthesize but supplement nutrition by trapping insects.
  • How does root architecture adapt to nutrient availability?
    Roots branch more in nutrient-rich soil pockets and reduce competition within the same plant to optimize absorption.
  • What is bulk flow in plant transport?
    Bulk flow is the movement of liquid driven by pressure gradients, independent of solute concentration, occurring in xylem and phloem.
  • What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
    Plasmodesmata are connecting pores that allow cytosol to flow between cells, facilitating symplastic transport.
  • How does osmosis affect plant cell turgor?
    Water moves by osmosis into or out of cells, causing cells to become turgid (swollen) or flaccid (limp), affecting stomatal opening.
  • What is the significance of the water potential gradient in plants?
    Water moves from soil through roots to leaves along a water potential gradient, enabling nutrient transport and transpiration.
  • Describe the life cycle stages of a peanut plant.
    Peanut plants progress from seed germination, flowering, peg formation, pod development underground, to mature pods ready for harvest.