Finding Indefinite Integrals
Find the indefinite integrals (most general antiderivatives) in Exercises 73–88. You may need to try a solution and then adjust your guess. Check your answers by differentiation.

∫ 𝓍³ (1 + 𝓍⁴ )⁻¹/⁴ d𝓍

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Identify the integral to solve: \(\int x^{3} (1 + x^{4})^{-\frac{1}{4}} \, dx\).

Look for a substitution that simplifies the integral. Notice that the expression inside the parentheses is \(1 + x^{4}\), and its derivative involves \(x^{3}\). This suggests using the substitution \(u = 1 + x^{4}\).

Compute the differential \(du\) by differentiating \(u\) with respect to \(x\): \(du = 4x^{3} \, dx\). From this, solve for \(x^{3} \, dx\) to express it in terms of \(du\): \(x^{3} \, dx = \frac{du}{4}\).

Rewrite the integral in terms of \(u\) using the substitution: replace \(x^{3} \, dx\) with \(\frac{du}{4}\) and \((1 + x^{4})^{-\frac{1}{4}}\) with \(u^{-\frac{1}{4}}\). The integral becomes \(\int u^{-\frac{1}{4}} \cdot \frac{du}{4}\).

Integrate the new integral with respect to \(u\): \(\frac{1}{4} \int u^{-\frac{1}{4}} \, du\). Use the power rule for integration, which states \(\int u^{n} \, du = \frac{u^{n+1}}{n+1} + C\) for \(n \neq -1\). After integrating, substitute back \(u = 1 + x^{4}\) to express the answer in terms of \(x\).

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Indefinite Integrals and Antiderivatives

An indefinite integral represents the most general antiderivative of a function, including an arbitrary constant of integration. It reverses differentiation, finding a function whose derivative matches the integrand. Understanding this concept is essential for solving integrals and verifying solutions by differentiation.

Substitution Method

The substitution method simplifies integration by changing variables to transform a complex integral into a more manageable form. Typically, a part of the integrand is set as a new variable, allowing the integral to be rewritten in terms of this variable. This technique is especially useful when the integrand contains composite functions.

Power Rule for Integration

The power rule states that the integral of x^n (for n ≠ -1) is (x^(n+1))/(n+1) plus a constant. This rule is fundamental for integrating polynomial expressions and powers of variables. Recognizing when to apply this rule after substitution helps in efficiently solving integrals involving powers.

Finding Indefinite Integrals Find the indefinite integrals (most general antiderivatives) in Exercises 73–88. You may need to try a solution and then adjust your guess. Check your answers by differentiation. ∫ 𝓍³ (1 + 𝓍⁴ )⁻¹/⁴ d𝓍