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Activated Carriers definitions

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  • Activated Carrier
    Small molecule that stores and transfers energy or electrons between cellular reactions, enabling coupling of different metabolic processes.
  • ATP
    Molecule with three phosphate groups whose bond hydrolysis releases energy used to drive energetically unfavorable cellular reactions.
  • ADP
    Molecule formed after removal of a phosphate group from ATP, representing a lower-energy state in cellular energy transfer.
  • Phosphate Group
    Chemical group whose covalent bond hydrolysis in ATP releases energy for cellular processes.
  • NAD+
    Electron-accepting molecule that becomes reduced during metabolic reactions, enabling energy storage in the form of high-energy electrons.
  • NADH
    Reduced form of an electron carrier, containing high-energy electrons that can be donated to power other reactions.
  • NADPH
    Electron carrier similar to NADH, primarily involved in photosynthesis and anabolic reactions, storing high-energy electrons.
  • FADH2
    Electron-rich molecule generated during cellular respiration, used to transfer energy to the electron transport chain.
  • Electron Carrier
    Molecule that temporarily holds and transports electrons, facilitating energy transfer between metabolic reactions.
  • Reaction Coupling
    Process where energy released from a favorable reaction is used to drive an unfavorable reaction within the cell.
  • Cellular Respiration
    Metabolic pathway in which cells extract energy from nutrients, generating ATP and reduced electron carriers.
  • Photosynthesis
    Process in plant cells that converts light energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and reduced electron carriers.
  • Oxidation
    Loss of electrons from a molecule, often resulting in energy release or transfer to another carrier.
  • Reduction
    Gain of electrons by a molecule, increasing its energy content and enabling it to act as an energy donor.
  • Delta G
    Symbol representing the change in free energy during a reaction, indicating whether a process is energetically favorable or not.