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Post-Transcriptional Regulators quiz

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  • What are the three main processes involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression?
    The three main processes are RNA processing, translation, and degradation.
  • How does improper RNA processing affect mRNA export and translation?
    Improperly processed RNAs remain in the nucleus and are not exported or translated.
  • What role do phosphorylated EIFs play in translation regulation?
    Phosphorylated EIFs inhibit translation by preventing GTP hydrolysis, thus blocking mRNA translation.
  • How do translational repressors impact gene expression?
    Translational repressors are proteins that inhibit translation of mRNA, thereby reducing gene expression.
  • What determines the stability and degradation rate of mRNA transcripts?
    The length of the poly A tail determines mRNA stability; shorter tails lead to faster degradation.
  • What are exosomes and how do they contribute to mRNA degradation?
    Exosomes are complexes that degrade mRNA from the 3' to 5' end using exonucleases.
  • What is the function of p-bodies in mRNA regulation?
    P-bodies are nuclear mRNA processing bodies that degrade mRNA as part of gene regulation.
  • What triggers nonsense-mediated decay in mRNA?
    Nonsense-mediated decay is triggered by improperly spliced mRNA, such as those with misplaced stop codons.
  • What is RNA interference (RNAi) and its primary function?
    RNA interference uses regulatory RNAs to control gene expression by degrading specific mRNAs.
  • How do siRNAs protect cells from viruses?
    siRNAs are double-stranded RNAs that, after processing by dicer and the RISC complex, degrade viral mRNAs.
  • What is the role of the RISC complex in RNA interference?
    The RISC complex binds single-stranded siRNA or miRNA and degrades complementary mRNA.
  • How are microRNAs (miRNAs) processed and how do they regulate gene expression?
    miRNAs are transcribed, form hairpin structures, are processed by drosia and dicer, then bind RISC to degrade mRNAs.
  • What region of mRNA do microRNAs typically bind to for gene regulation?
    MicroRNAs usually bind to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs to inhibit expression.
  • What are degrons and how do they affect protein regulation?
    Degrons are regions of a protein that mark it for degradation, controlling protein presence and function.
  • How does ubiquitin labeling lead to protein degradation?
    Ubiquitin labeling targets proteins for destruction by the proteasome or lysosome.