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tRNA, rRNA and the Codon Code definitions

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  • Translation
    Process converting nucleotide sequences into amino acids, using codons as the language to build proteins from RNA templates.
  • Codon
    Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA specifying a single amino acid or a stop signal during protein synthesis.
  • Start Codon
    AUG sequence marking the initiation site for translation, always encoding a special methionine.
  • Stop Codon
    UAA, UAG, or UGA triplets signaling the end of translation, not coding for any amino acid.
  • Genetic Code
    Set of rules by which nucleotide triplets specify amino acids, featuring redundancy to buffer mutations.
  • Reading Frame
    Grouping of nucleotides into consecutive, non-overlapping triplets, determining the correct translation sequence.
  • Frameshift Mutation
    Genetic alteration caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides, disrupting the established reading frame.
  • tRNA
    Adapter RNA molecule with an anticodon and amino acid binding site, matching codons to amino acids during translation.
  • Anticodon
    Three-nucleotide region on tRNA complementary to a codon, ensuring accurate pairing during protein synthesis.
  • Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase
    Enzyme responsible for attaching the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA, ensuring translation fidelity.
  • Wobble Hypothesis
    Concept explaining flexibility at the third codon position, allowing some tRNAs to recognize multiple codons.
  • rRNA
    Structural and catalytic RNA forming the core of ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.
  • Ribosome
    Molecular machine composed of rRNA and proteins, facilitating the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides.
  • Subunit
    Distinct structural component of the ribosome, classified as large or small, each containing specific rRNAs.
  • snorRNA
    Small nucleolar RNA guiding chemical modifications and processing of pre-rRNA during ribosome assembly.