Recall the basic structure of an atom, which consists of a nucleus at the center and electrons surrounding it in the electron cloud.
Understand that the nucleus contains protons and neutrons, which are much more massive than electrons.
Recognize that electrons have very little mass compared to protons and neutrons, so the electron cloud contributes very little to the total mass of the atom.
Note that the outermost shell refers to the region where electrons are found, which again have negligible mass compared to the nucleus.
Conclude that since protons and neutrons are concentrated in the nucleus and have most of the atom's mass, most of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus.