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Genetic Cloning definitions

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  • Genetic Cloning
    Process of producing large quantities of a specific DNA sequence for study or application using laboratory techniques.
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction
    Technique that amplifies DNA by cycling through denaturation, primer annealing, and extension to generate millions of copies.
  • Restriction Enzyme
    Protein that recognizes and cuts DNA at specific sequences, generating fragments with defined ends.
  • Sticky End
    Single-stranded DNA overhang created by certain enzymes, facilitating the joining of DNA fragments with complementary sequences.
  • Blunt End
    DNA fragment end with no overhangs, resulting from a straight cut by specific enzymes, less efficient for joining.
  • Vector
    DNA molecule, often a plasmid, used to carry foreign genetic material into a host cell for replication.
  • Plasmid
    Circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, commonly used as a vehicle for gene insertion in cloning experiments.
  • Recombinant DNA
    Genetic material formed by joining DNA fragments from different sources, enabling new genetic combinations.
  • DNA Ligase
    Enzyme that seals breaks in the DNA backbone, joining fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds.
  • Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
    Large vector designed to clone substantial DNA fragments, useful for genomic studies in bacteria.
  • Yeast Artificial Chromosome
    Engineered vector for cloning large DNA segments, enabling manipulation and study in yeast cells.
  • Transgenic Organism
    Living entity that contains and expresses a gene introduced from another species, often for research or production.
  • Transgene
    Foreign gene inserted into an organism’s genome, resulting in new traits or protein production.
  • cDNA
    DNA synthesized from an RNA template via reverse transcription, often used for cloning expressed genes.
  • Primer
    Short nucleotide sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis during amplification processes.