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Induced Mutations definitions

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  • Induced Mutation
    A DNA sequence change caused by exposure to external agents like chemicals or radiation, often generated in laboratory settings.
  • Mutagenesis
    The deliberate process of creating genetic alterations, typically using physical or chemical agents in experimental environments.
  • Base Analog
    A chemical resembling a DNA base that, when incorporated, forms incorrect base pairs, leading to genetic errors.
  • Alkylating Agent
    A compound that attaches alkyl groups to DNA bases, disrupting normal pairing and frequently causing base transitions.
  • Intercalating Agent
    A molecule that inserts between DNA bases, distorting the helix and impeding replication or repair, sometimes causing cell death.
  • Helix Distortion
    A structural change in DNA caused by foreign molecules wedging between bases, creating obstacles for replication enzymes.
  • Base Damage
    A modification or injury to DNA bases, often preventing correct pairing and resulting from UV or ionizing radiation.
  • Thymine Dimer
    A covalent linkage between adjacent pyrimidine bases, typically induced by UV light, that disrupts DNA structure.
  • Ionizing Radiation
    High-energy waves or particles, such as gamma or X-rays, that generate free radicals and cause severe DNA damage.
  • Free Radical
    A highly reactive molecule produced by radiation that steals electrons from other molecules, leading to cellular and DNA harm.
  • AMES Test
    A laboratory assay using bacteria to evaluate whether a substance can induce genetic mutations.
  • Rat Liver Extract
    A preparation containing metabolic enzymes used to simulate human digestion of chemicals during mutagenicity testing.
  • Transition
    A specific type of base substitution in DNA where a purine replaces another purine or a pyrimidine replaces another pyrimidine.
  • Polymerase
    An enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA or RNA strands, which can be blocked by DNA structural abnormalities.