뒤로Translation definitions
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Process converting mRNA into a protein by sequential addition of amino acids, involving ribosomes and tRNAs. Initiation
First stage where ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and initiator tRNA assemble to begin protein synthesis. Elongation
Middle stage where amino acids are sequentially added to the growing polypeptide chain by ribosomal movement. Termination
Final stage where a stop codon is recognized, leading to release of the completed polypeptide from the ribosome. Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
Prokaryotic mRNA region upstream of the start codon that aligns ribosomes for accurate translation initiation. Kozak Sequence
Eukaryotic consensus sequence surrounding the start codon, enhancing translation efficiency and accuracy. Initiation Factors
Proteins (IFs in prokaryotes, EIFs in eukaryotes) that help assemble the translation initiation complex and prepare mRNA. Elongation Factors
Proteins (e.g., EF2, EFG) that use GTP to facilitate tRNA movement and peptide bond formation during elongation. Release Factors
Proteins that recognize stop codons, bind to the ribosome, and trigger release of the newly made polypeptide. Ribosome
Molecular machine with A, P, and E sites that coordinates decoding of mRNA and synthesis of polypeptides. tRNA
Adaptor molecule carrying specific amino acids and matching mRNA codons via its anticodon during translation. Start Codon
AUG sequence on mRNA signaling where translation begins and specifying methionine as the first amino acid. Stop Codon
mRNA sequence (e.g., UAA, UAG, UGA) that signals the end of translation and prompts polypeptide release. Wobble Hypothesis
Concept explaining flexible base pairing at the third codon position, allowing one tRNA to recognize multiple codons. Polypeptide Chain
Linear sequence of amino acids synthesized during translation, forming the primary structure of a protein.
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