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Microbiology Fundamentals

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  • What is microbiology?

    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

  • What were Leeuwenhoek's contributions to microbiology?

    Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms using a microscope, founding the field of microbiology.

  • Name the major groups of microorganisms studied in microbiology.

    Bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.

  • How do microbes affect our lives?

    Microbes can cause disease, aid digestion, produce food and medicine, and recycle nutrients.

  • What did Redi's experiment demonstrate?

    Redi showed that maggots on meat came from flies, disproving spontaneous generation for large organisms.

  • What was the significance of Pasteur's experiments?

    Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation for microbes and developed pasteurization.

  • What is the scientific method?

    A systematic process of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion to investigate phenomena.

  • What are Koch's postulates used for?

    To prove the cause of an infectious disease by linking a specific microbe to the disease.

  • What did Gram contribute to microbiology?

    Gram developed the Gram stain, a method to classify bacteria by cell wall properties.

  • Name contributions of Semmelweis, Lister, Nightingale, and Snow.

    They advanced public health: Semmelweis promoted handwashing, Lister antiseptics, Nightingale nursing hygiene, Snow epidemiology.

  • What did Jenner contribute to immunology?

    Jenner developed the first vaccine using cowpox to prevent smallpox.

  • What is Ehrlich known for in chemotherapy?

    Ehrlich developed the concept of a 'magic bullet' to target microbes without harming the host.

  • Define matter, atom, and element.

    Matter is anything with mass and volume; an atom is the smallest unit of an element; an element is a pure substance made of one type of atom.

  • What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?

    Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus, neutrons are neutral particles in the nucleus, electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.

  • Define atomic number, mass number, isotope, and radioisotope.

    Atomic number = number of protons; mass number = protons + neutrons; isotope = atoms with same protons but different neutrons; radioisotope = unstable isotope that emits radiation.

  • Contrast ionic, nonpolar covalent, and polar covalent bonds.

    Ionic bonds transfer electrons; nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally; polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally.

  • What is electronegativity's role in bond polarity?

    Electronegativity difference between atoms determines if a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar.

  • Describe hydrogen bonds and their importance.

    Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and electronegative atoms; important for water properties and biomolecule structure.

  • Contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

    Dehydration synthesis joins molecules by removing water; hydrolysis breaks molecules by adding water.

  • Why does ice float?

    Ice is less dense than liquid water because hydrogen bonds form a lattice structure that holds molecules apart.

  • Define solute, solvent, and solution.

    Solute is the substance dissolved; solvent is the dissolving medium; solution is the homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.

  • Differentiate acids, bases, and salts.

    Acids release H+; bases release OH-; salts are ionic compounds from acid-base reactions.

  • What is the pH scale and buffer systems?

    pH measures acidity/basicity; buffers maintain stable pH by neutralizing added acids or bases.

  • What are the four major macromolecules and their monomers?

    Carbohydrates (monosaccharides), lipids (fatty acids), proteins (amino acids), nucleic acids (nucleotides).

  • List general functions of each macromolecule type.

    Carbohydrates: energy; lipids: energy storage and membranes; proteins: structure and enzymes; nucleic acids: genetic information.

  • What are the four levels of protein structure?

    Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helices/beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).