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Microbiology Fundamentals Flashcards

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  • Define Life and its two components

    Life is characterized by organization and metabolism. Organization refers to structured complexity, and metabolism involves chemical reactions sustaining life.

  • Compare Atom, Compound, and Molecule

    An atom is the smallest unit of an element. A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together. A compound is a molecule made of different elements.

  • Name the three types of subatomic particles, their charge, and location

    Protons: positive charge, nucleus; Neutrons: no charge, nucleus; Electrons: negative charge, electron cloud.

  • Name the six types of chemical reactions

    1. Synthesis, 2. Decomposition, 3. Single Replacement, 4. Double Replacement, 5. Combustion, 6. Acid-Base reactions.

  • How does an atom form an ion?

    An atom forms an ion by gaining or losing electrons, resulting in a charged particle.

  • Compare the three types of Ionic compounds

    Ionic compounds can be binary (two elements), polyatomic (contain polyatomic ions), or hydrated (contain water molecules).

  • Classify solutions with pH 2.5, 6, 8, 11, 14 as acidic, basic, or neutral

    pH 2.5 and 6 are acidic, pH 8, 11, and 14 are basic, and pH 7 is neutral.

  • What is a buffer and why is it important?

    A buffer stabilizes pH by neutralizing added acids or bases, maintaining homeostasis in biological systems.

  • Define Chemical Bond and name types learned

    A chemical bond is a force holding atoms together. Types include ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

  • What is an isotope? Why does it form? How can we detect it?

    An isotope has the same protons but different neutrons. It forms due to neutron variation and can be detected by mass spectrometry.

  • Compare Monomer vs. Polymer

    A monomer is a single unit; a polymer is many monomers linked together.

  • Basic formula for a carbohydrate and its three functions

    Formula: \((CH_2O)_n\). Functions: energy source, energy storage, and structural support.

  • What are the types of lipids?

    Types include fats, phospholipids, and sterols.

  • Describe structure and function of fats

    Fats have glycerol and three fatty acids; they store energy and provide insulation.

  • Describe structure and function of phospholipids

    Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group; they form cell membranes.

  • Describe structure and function of sterols

    Sterols have a four-ring structure; they regulate membrane fluidity and act as hormones.

  • What are the monomers of proteins and their functional groups?

    Monomers are amino acids with an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).

  • Main functions of the two main nucleic acids

    DNA stores genetic information; RNA helps in protein synthesis.

  • What does Cell Theory represent?

    Cell Theory states all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

  • Name types of microscopes described in class

    Compound Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).

  • Which microscope to use for observing an amoeba?

    Use a Compound Microscope to observe an amoeba.

  • Which microscope to use for observing blood cells?

    Use a Compound Microscope to observe blood cells.

  • Which microscope to use for observing the flu virus?

    Use a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to observe the flu virus.

  • Which microscope to use for observing an amino acid?

    Use a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to observe an amino acid.

  • Which microscope to use for observing DNA?

    Use a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to observe DNA.