뒤로Microbiology: Pathology of Eukaryotic Microbes and Viral Diseases
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A cutaneous mycosis caused by dermatophyte fungi Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, and Epidermophyton floccosum. These fungi use keratin as a nutrient and infect the outer dead skin layers, provoking immune damage in deeper tissues.
Occurs via direct contact with infected skin or contaminated surfaces like carpeting. Main reservoirs are humans, especially infected toe webbing.
A cutaneous mycosis caused mainly by Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, and M. canis. These fungi produce keratinase to digest keratin in skin, hair, and nails.
Fungi colonize dead epidermis layers but stimulate immune responses in living tissues. Classic lesion is a red, raised, ring-shaped plaque with central clearing and scaly active border.
Dark-pigmented ascomycete fungi such as Fonsecaea pedrosoi, F. compacta, Phialophora verrucosa, and Cladophialophora carrionii infect wounds and cause chronic skin lesions.
Caused by protozoan Leishmania, transmitted by sand flies. Parasites infect macrophages, causing inflammation and spreading. Clinical forms include cutaneous ulcers, mucocutaneous disfigurement, and fatal visceral disease.
Caused by burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Female mites tunnel in skin, triggering type IV hypersensitivity and intense itching. Secondary bacterial infections are common due to scratching.
Caused by encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Infection starts in lungs, can spread to CNS causing meningitis, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Capsule and melanin protect against immune killing.
Caused by protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted by tsetse flies. Parasites cause cyclical parasitemia, fever, lymphadenopathy, and CNS invasion leading to meningoencephalitis and coma.
Caused by free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. Infection occurs via nasal exposure to contaminated water, amoebae migrate to brain causing rapid, fatal meningoencephalitis with 99% mortality.
Caused by Plasmodium parasites infecting liver and red blood cells. Synchronous rupture of infected erythrocytes releases toxins causing fever, chills, anemia, and systemic symptoms. Parasite evades immunity by hiding inside RBCs.
Caused by protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Infection is usually controlled but causes severe disease in immunocompromised and fetuses, leading to encephalitis, organ inflammation, and congenital defects.
Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by kissing bug feces. Parasites invade heart muscle and macrophages, causing acute swelling, chronic asymptomatic phase, and late-stage heart failure.
Infection by blood flukes entering skin from freshwater. Adult worms lay eggs causing inflammation and fibrosis in organs, leading to renal failure, portal hypertension, bladder obstruction, and increased cancer risk.
Systemic lung fungal infection by Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii. Inhaled spores form spherules in lungs, causing flu-like symptoms or severe pneumonia; can disseminate in immunocompromised patients.
Caused by dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. Spores inhaled into lungs convert to yeasts, causing pulmonary lesions and possible dissemination to skin, bones, and other organs with necrotic lesions.
Caused by dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Spores inhaled and taken up by macrophages, spreading systemically. Usually subclinical but can cause chronic pulmonary or systemic disease in immunocompromised.
Caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, an obligate parasitic fungus. In immunocompromised hosts, it colonizes alveoli causing impaired gas exchange, hypoxia, and pneumonia with symptoms like shortness of breath and fever.
Intestinal disease caused by protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Trophozoites attach to small intestine lining, blocking absorption and causing greasy diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malabsorption.
Caused by apicomplexan protozoa Cryptosporidium. Oocysts ingested, sporozoites damage intestinal cells causing watery diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue; can be severe in immunocompromised patients.
Caused by protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Infection via cyst ingestion; trophozoites invade colon causing ulceration and bloody diarrhea. Can spread to liver and other organs causing necrotic lesions.
Caused by protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Overgrowth occurs when vaginal pH rises. Virulence factors include adhesins, proteolytic enzymes, and hemolysins causing genital inflammation and discharge.
Caused by HIV destroying CD4+ T cells (<200 cells/μl). Leads to immune collapse, opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis), cancers, and progressive immune deficiency.
Caused by variola virus. Infection via inhalation, systemic spread causes rash progressing from macules to pustules. Virus evades immunity by inhibiting interferon and complement. High mortality with variola major.
HSV-1 infects oral epithelial cells causing painful vesicles. Virus establishes latency in trigeminal ganglion and reactivates causing recurrent cold sores triggered by stress or immunosuppression.
Caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Virus infects epithelial cells, causing rapid cell division and wart formation. Some HPV strains can integrate into host DNA and cause cancers.
Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Chickenpox is primary infection with vesicular rash; virus becomes latent in nerve ganglia. Reactivation causes shingles with painful, dermatomal rash.
Caused by Rubivirus. Infection spreads from respiratory tract to bloodstream. Disease mainly from immune response causing rash and lymphadenopathy. Teratogenic in fetus causing congenital defects.
Caused by Morbillivirus. Infects respiratory tract and spreads systemically. Immune response causes fever, cough, Koplik's spots, and rash. Complications include pneumonia and encephalitis.