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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology - Microbiology

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • What is pathology?

    Pathology is the study of disease.

  • Define etiology.

    Etiology is the cause of a disease.

  • What is infection?

    Infection is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens.

  • What is the difference between normal microbiota and transient microbiota?

    Normal microbiota permanently colonize the host without causing disease under normal conditions, while transient microbiota are present temporarily for days to months.

  • Describe microbial antagonism.

    Microbial antagonism is competition between microbes where normal microbiota protect the host by competing for nutrients, producing harmful substances, and affecting pH and oxygen levels.

  • What are Koch's postulates?

    Four criteria to prove the cause of an infectious disease: presence in every case, isolation in pure culture, cause disease in healthy host, and re-isolation from inoculated host.

  • Name an exception to Koch's postulates.

    Some pathogens cause disease only in humans or cannot be cultured, making Koch's postulates not fully applicable.

  • Differentiate communicable and noncommunicable diseases.

    Communicable diseases spread from one host to another; noncommunicable diseases do not.

  • Define incidence and prevalence of disease.

    Incidence is the number of new cases during a time period; prevalence is the total number of cases at a given time.

  • What is herd immunity?

    Herd immunity is immunity in most of a population, reducing disease spread.

  • List the stages of disease development.

    Incubation period, prodromal period, period of illness, period of decline, and period of convalescence.

  • What is a reservoir of infection?

    A continual source of infection, which can be human, animal, or nonliving.

  • Give examples of zoonoses.

    Diseases transmitted from animals to humans, e.g., rabies from bats, plague from rodents, and malaria from mosquitoes.

  • Describe direct and indirect contact transmission.

    Direct contact requires close association; indirect contact involves fomites (nonliving objects).

  • What is mechanical vs biological vector transmission?

    Mechanical transmission is pathogen carried on vector's feet; biological transmission involves pathogen reproduction in the vector.

  • Define healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).

    Infections acquired while receiving treatment in a healthcare facility, also called nosocomial infections.

  • What factors contribute to HAIs?

    Microorganisms in the hospital environment, weakened host status, and chain of transmission in hospitals.

  • Name common microorganisms involved in HAIs.

    Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, among others.

  • What are standard and transmission-based precautions?

    Standard precautions are basic infection control; transmission-based precautions include contact, droplet, and airborne precautions for known or suspected infections.

  • What is epidemiology?

    The study of where and when diseases occur and how they spread in populations.

  • Name three types of epidemiologic investigations.

    Descriptive, analytical, and experimental epidemiology.

  • What is the function of the CDC?

    Collects and analyzes epidemiological data and publishes reports on morbidity and mortality.

  • Define morbidity and mortality rates.

    Morbidity rate is the number of people affected relative to the population; mortality rate is the number of deaths relative to the population.

  • What are notifiable infectious diseases?

    Diseases that physicians are required to report to public health authorities.