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Measures the percentage of GDP lost to reduce inflation by 1%, quantifying the economic cost of contractionary policy. Contractionary Monetary Policy
A strategy that lowers money supply, raises interest rates, and reduces aggregate demand to combat inflation. Aggregate Demand
Total spending on goods and services in an economy, influenced by interest rates and monetary policy. Unemployment
Occurs when people willing to work cannot find jobs, often rising as GDP falls during anti-inflation measures. Gross Domestic Product
Represents the total value of goods and services produced, which declines when inflation is reduced. Expected Inflation
Anticipated rate of price increases, affecting interest rates and shifting the short-run Phillips curve. Short-Run Phillips Curve
Graphical representation showing the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short term. Nominal Interest Rate
The stated rate on loans, combining real interest and expected inflation, used by banks to set lending terms. Real Interest Rate
Interest rate adjusted for inflation, reflecting the true earning power of money lent or invested. Price Level
Average of current prices across the economy, which falls when contractionary policy is implemented. Natural Rate of Unemployment
Long-term equilibrium unemployment unaffected by inflation, restored after short-run policy effects fade. Treasury Bills
Government securities sold to decrease money supply as part of contractionary monetary policy. Long-Run Equilibrium
Economic state where inflation and unemployment return to stable levels after policy-induced adjustments. Inflation Rate
Percentage increase in average prices, targeted by policymakers using contractionary measures. Investment
Spending on capital goods, which declines when interest rates rise due to contractionary policy.
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