Skip to main content
뒤로

Nutrition: Vitamins, Minerals, and Antioxidants

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/26

이 집합의 용어 (26)

  • Name the 8 B vitamins.
    Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Folate (B9), and Cobalamin (B12).
  • What are the general roles of B vitamins?
    B vitamins act as coenzymes in energy metabolism, helping enzymes catalyze reactions that release energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
  • How do coenzymes function?
    Coenzymes bind to enzymes and assist in catalyzing metabolic reactions by transferring chemical groups or electrons.
  • What disease is caused by thiamin (B1) deficiency?
    Beriberi, characterized by muscle weakness, nerve damage, and cardiovascular problems.
  • What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
    A severe neurological disorder caused by thiamin deficiency, often seen in chronic alcoholism, leading to confusion, memory loss, and coordination issues.
  • Which vitamin deficiency is linked to consuming large amounts of raw egg whites?
    Biotin (B7) deficiency, because avidin in raw egg whites binds biotin and prevents its absorption.
  • Describe how vitamin B12 is absorbed into the blood.
    B12 is released from food by stomach acid, binds to intrinsic factor, and is absorbed in the ileum into blood circulation.
  • Why should sexually active women of childbearing age consume 400 mcg of folate daily?
    To prevent neural tube defects in the fetus, as folate is critical for DNA synthesis and cell division during early pregnancy.
  • What is the role of vitamin B6, folic acid, and B12 in homocysteine metabolism?
    They help convert homocysteine to methionine or cysteine, reducing high homocysteine levels linked to cardiovascular disease risk.
  • Name 4 minerals involved in energy metabolism and their functions.
    Magnesium (enzyme cofactor), Chromium (enhances insulin action), Sulfur (component of amino acids), and Iodine (thyroid hormone synthesis).
  • What are free radicals and why are they harmful?
    Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons that damage cells by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and DNA.
  • What are antioxidants and how do they protect cells?
    Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by donating electrons, preventing oxidative damage to cells.
  • List micronutrients that stabilize free radicals.
    Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Selenium, and beta-carotene are key micronutrients that help stabilize free radicals.
  • What is the most potent form of vitamin E and where is it stored?
    Alpha-tocopherol is the most potent form, stored mainly in cell membranes and adipose tissue.
  • Which vitamin helps recycle oxidized vitamin E back to its active form?
    Vitamin C helps regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form.
  • Can vitamin C prevent or reduce the duration of the common cold?
    Vitamin C does not prevent the common cold but may slightly reduce its duration and severity.
  • What are the functions and food sources of selenium?
    Selenium acts as an antioxidant and supports thyroid function; found in Brazil nuts, seafood, and meats.
  • Beta-carotene is a precursor of which vitamin?
    Vitamin A.
  • What is the active form of vitamin A?
    Retinol is the active form of vitamin A.
  • Why are carotenoids better absorbed from cooked food?
    Cooking breaks down plant cell walls, increasing carotenoid bioavailability.
  • What causes night blindness?
    Vitamin A deficiency impairs rhodopsin regeneration in rod cells, causing night blindness.
  • What is the function of rod cells in the eye?
    Rod cells detect low light and enable night vision through the pigment rhodopsin.
  • What is goiter and what causes it?
    Goiter is thyroid gland enlargement caused by iodine deficiency.
  • What is cretinism?
    A condition of severe mental and physical retardation caused by iodine deficiency during fetal development.
  • What are the symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?
    Symptoms include nausea, headache, dizziness, and birth defects if consumed in excess during pregnancy.
  • Which vitamins are water soluble and which are fat soluble?
    Water soluble: B vitamins and vitamin C. Fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, and K.