Provide the mechanism and final products for the following reactions.

When tert-butyl bromide is heated with an equal amount of ethanol in an inert solvent, one of the products is ethyl tert-butyl ether.

a. What happens to the reaction rate if the concentration of ethanol is doubled?

Explain the difference in reactivity between CH₃O⁺H₂ and CH₃OH in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. (The pK_a of H₃O⁺ is −1.7.)

Which statement best describes the directing effects of the substituents on salicylamide during electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions?

Which of the following best explains why the reaction shown forms two major substitution products?

Provide the mechanism and final products for the following reactions.

For each reaction, give the expected substitution product, and predict whether the ­mechanism will be predominantly first order (SN1) or second order (SN2).

d. cyclohexylbromide + methanol

e. cyclohexylbromide + sodium ethoxide

Explain why the following alkyl halide does not undergo a substitution reaction, regardless of the base that is used.

Draw the substitution products for each of the following reactions; if the products can exist as stereoisomers, show what stereoisomers are obtained:

c. benzyl chloride + CH₃CH₂OH

d. allyl chloride + CH₃OH