Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711당신이 사용하는 게 아니라요?교과서 변경

Bruice 8th Edition

Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics

문제 2a

5장, 문제 2a

What is the molecular formula for each of the following?
a. a 4-carbon hydrocarbon with two $π$ bonds and no rings

검증된 단계별 안내

Step 1: Understand the problem. The question asks for the molecular formula of a 4-carbon hydrocarbon with two π bonds and no rings. Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).

Step 2: Recall the general formula for an acyclic (non-cyclic) hydrocarbon with π bonds. Each π bond corresponds to a double or triple bond, which reduces the number of hydrogens in the molecule. The general formula for an alkene (a hydrocarbon with one double bond) is CₙH₂ₙ, and for each additional π bond, two hydrogens are removed.

Step 3: Determine the degree of unsaturation. A 4-carbon hydrocarbon with two π bonds has two degrees of unsaturation. This means the molecule will have fewer hydrogens than a fully saturated alkane (C₄H₁₀).

Step 4: Apply the formula for a hydrocarbon with two π bonds. Start with the saturated formula for 4 carbons (C₄H₁₀) and subtract 4 hydrogens (2 hydrogens for each π bond). This gives the molecular formula.

Step 5: Verify the molecular formula by ensuring it satisfies the conditions of the problem: 4 carbons, 2 π bonds, and no rings. Double-check the hydrogen count to confirm the formula is correct.

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주요 개념

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Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They can be classified into aliphatic (straight or branched chains) and aromatic (ring structures) categories. The simplest hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, which differ in the types of bonds between carbon atoms—single, double, or triple bonds, respectively.

Molecular Formula

The molecular formula of a compound indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule. For hydrocarbons, it is expressed as CnHm, where 'n' is the number of carbon atoms and 'm' is the number of hydrogen atoms. Understanding how to derive the molecular formula from the structure is crucial for identifying the compound's properties and reactivity.

Unsaturation and Double Bonds

Unsaturation refers to the presence of double or triple bonds in a hydrocarbon, which affects its molecular formula and reactivity. Each double bond reduces the number of hydrogen atoms that can be attached to the carbon skeleton. In the case of a hydrocarbon with two double bonds, the formula can be derived by subtracting the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms from the saturated alkane formula, CnH2n+2.

What is the molecular formula for each of the following? a. a 4-carbon hydrocarbon with two π\(\pi\) bonds and no rings