You measure an electric field of $1.25 \times 10^{6}$ N/C at a distance of $0.150$ m from a point charge. There is no other source of electric field in the region other than this point charge.
(a) What is the electric flux through the surface of a sphere that has this charge at its center and that has radius $0.150$ m?
(b) What is the magnitude of this charge?

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To solve part (a), recall that the electric flux (Φ) through a closed surface is given by Gauss's Law: Φ = ∮E·dA = Q_enc/ε₀, where E is the electric field, dA is the differential area vector, Q_enc is the enclosed charge, and ε₀ is the permittivity of free space.

Since the electric field is uniform over the surface of the sphere and radial, the flux can be simplified to Φ = E * A, where A is the surface area of the sphere. The surface area of a sphere is A = 4πr², where r is the radius of the sphere.

Substitute the given values into the formula for the surface area: A = 4π(0.150 m)².

Now, calculate the electric flux using Φ = E * A, where E = 1.25×10⁶ N/C and A is the surface area calculated in the previous step.

For part (b), use Gauss's Law to find the magnitude of the charge. Rearrange the formula to solve for Q_enc: Q_enc = Φ * ε₀. Substitute the value of the electric flux from part (a) and the known value of ε₀ (approximately 8.85×10⁻¹² C²/N·m²) to find the charge.

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주요 개념

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Electric Field

An electric field is a region around a charged particle where a force would be exerted on other charged particles. It is represented by the vector quantity E, measured in newtons per coulomb (N/C). The field's strength and direction depend on the magnitude and sign of the charge creating it, and it diminishes with distance from the charge.

Electric Flux

Electric flux quantifies the amount of electric field passing through a given surface. It is calculated as the product of the electric field and the area perpendicular to the field lines, expressed in units of newton-meters squared per coulomb (N·m²/C). For a sphere surrounding a point charge, the flux is determined using Gauss's Law, which relates the flux to the enclosed charge.

Gauss's Law

Gauss's Law states that the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed by the surface. Mathematically, it is expressed as Φ = Q/ε₀, where Φ is the electric flux, Q is the enclosed charge, and ε₀ is the permittivity of free space. This principle is crucial for calculating the electric flux and charge magnitude in symmetrical situations like a sphere surrounding a point charge.