Consider an electron in the $N$ shell. What is the largest orbital angular momentum this electron could have in any chosen direction? Express your answers in terms of $ℏ$ and in SI units.

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Identify the principal quantum number (n) for the N shell. The N shell corresponds to n = 4.

Recall that the orbital angular momentum quantum number (l) can take integer values from 0 to (n - 1). For n = 4, the possible values of l are 0, 1, 2, and 3. The largest value of l is 3.

The magnitude of the orbital angular momentum (L) is given by the formula: $ L = \sqrt{l(l+1)} \hbar $, where $ \hbar $ is the reduced Planck's constant ($ \hbar = 1.0545718 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{J·s} $). Substitute $ l = 3 $ into this formula.

The largest component of the orbital angular momentum in any chosen direction (usually the z-direction) is given by $ L_z = m_l \hbar $, where $ m_l $ is the magnetic quantum number. For a given $ l $, $ m_l $ can range from $ -l $ to $ +l $ in integer steps. The largest value of $ m_l $ is $ l $, so $ L_z = l \hbar $. Substitute $ l = 3 $ into this formula.

Express the result for $ L_z $ in terms of $ \hbar $ (U) and in SI units (J·s). The final expression for the largest orbital angular momentum in any chosen direction is $ L_z = 3 \hbar $.

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주요 개념

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Orbital Angular Momentum

Orbital angular momentum is a measure of the rotational motion of an electron around the nucleus of an atom. It is quantized and can be expressed using the formula L = √(l(l+1))ħ, where l is the azimuthal quantum number and ħ is the reduced Planck's constant. The maximum value of l for an electron in the N shell (n=4) is 3, corresponding to the f subshell, which allows for the largest angular momentum.

Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers are sets of numerical values that describe the unique quantum state of an electron in an atom. The principal quantum number (n) indicates the energy level, while the azimuthal quantum number (l) determines the shape of the orbital. For the N shell, n=4, and l can take values from 0 to n-1, allowing for different orbital types (s, p, d, f) and their associated angular momenta.

SI Units and Energy

In physics, SI units are the standard units of measurement used to express physical quantities. For angular momentum, the SI unit is joule-seconds (J·s). When expressing angular momentum in terms of energy (U), it is important to understand the relationship between energy and angular momentum, particularly in quantum mechanics, where energy levels are quantized and related to the motion of particles.