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Ch.2 worksheet (p.16-29)

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • Why are experiments particularly useful for making causal claims?
    Experiments isolate the independent variable and control for confounding variables, and the independent variable always precedes the dependent variable.
  • What is a key feature of a double-blind experiment?
    Neither the researcher nor the participant knows which group the participant is in.
  • What does internal validity indicate in experimental design?
    How well the study controls for confounding factors.
  • What does external validity indicate in experimental design?
    The extent to which findings can be generalized to the population.
  • Name three ways to strengthen internal validity.
    1. Random assignment 2. Using reliable psychometric assessments 3. Making an experiment double-blind.
  • Name two ways to strengthen external validity.
    1. Random sampling 2. Study conditions that reflect the real world.
  • What is a limitation of lab experiments studying complex real-world phenomena?
    They may have low external validity because lab conditions can't fully reflect real-world experiences.
  • Which practice improves internal validity?
    Random assignment improves internal validity by controlling confounding variables.
  • What are the two main types of developmental research designs?
    1. Longitudinal (same individuals over time) 2. Cross-sectional (different age groups at one time).
  • What is a key strength of longitudinal designs?
    They capture individual development and establish temporal precedence among variables.
  • What is a key limitation of longitudinal designs?
    They are time-consuming, expensive, and suffer from attrition (dropout).
  • What is a key strength of cross-sectional designs?
    They are faster and cheaper to conduct and do not lose participants due to attrition.
  • What is a limitation of cross-sectional designs?
    They cannot capture individual development or establish temporal precedence.
  • What are descriptive statistics?
    Statistics that summarize data, including measures of central tendency and variability.
  • What are measures of central tendency?
    Values that represent the most typical or common data points: mean, median, and mode.
  • When is the median preferred over the mean?
    When the dataset has outliers that skew the mean.
  • What does variability measure in data?
    How spread out the data points are around the mean.
  • What is the range in descriptive statistics?
    The difference between the highest and lowest values in the dataset.
  • What does standard deviation indicate?
    The average distance each data point is from the mean.
  • What does a correlation coefficient (r) measure?
    The direction and strength of a relationship between two variables.
  • What does a negative correlation indicate?
    Variables move in opposite directions.
  • What does a positive correlation indicate?
    Variables move in the same direction.
  • Why does correlation not imply causation?
    Because of lack of temporal precedence and the third-variable problem where an unmeasured variable influences both.
  • What is the third-variable problem?
    An unmeasured variable that influences both variables being studied, causing a spurious correlation.
  • What are inferential statistics used for?
    To determine how statistically significant study results are and the probability results occurred by chance.
  • What p-value threshold is commonly used to indicate statistical significance?
    A p-value less than .05 indicates statistical significance.
  • When must you include a reference in APA format?
    When you paraphrase or discuss another's work or state something as a fact.
  • What information is included in an APA in-text citation?
    The author's last name and year of publication.
  • How do you shorten an in-text citation with three or more authors in APA?
    Use the first author's last name followed by et al.