뒤로Introduction to Psychology - Biological Perspective and Nervous System
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Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and neural networks.
Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience studies the relationship between biological processes and behavior.
The nervous system is a network of cells that transmits signals between different parts of the body to control behavior and bodily functions.
Neurons, which transmit information, and glial cells, which support and protect neurons.
A neuron is a nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system.
Dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, myelin sheath, and axon terminals.
Glial cells provide support, nutrition, and insulation to neurons and help maintain homeostasis.
Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates axons to speed up neural transmission.
Neurotransmission is the process of sending chemical signals across the synapse from one neuron to another.
Synaptic vesicles are small sacs in axon terminals that store neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse to receptor sites on another neuron.
The synapse is the small gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
Receptor sites are locations on the receiving neuron where neurotransmitters bind to influence neural activity.
Excitatory synapses increase the likelihood of neuron firing; inhibitory synapses decrease it.
Agonists enhance neurotransmitter effects; antagonists block or reduce them.
Acetylcholine (Ach) is a neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement and memory.
Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
The medulla controls vital automatic functions like heartbeat and breathing.
The pons helps regulate sleep, arousal, and coordinates movement.
The reticular formation controls arousal and attention.
The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movement and balance.
Limbic system structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate cortex.
The cerebral cortex is the brain's outer layer responsible for complex thought, perception, and decision-making.
Corticalization is the process of the cerebral cortex folding to increase surface area.
The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
The occipital lobe processes visual information.
The parietal lobe processes sensory information; the somatosensory cortex maps body sensations.
The frontal lobe manages decision-making and planning; the motor cortex controls voluntary movement.
Association areas integrate information from different brain regions for complex functions like language and spatial reasoning.
Broca’s aphasia is a language disorder causing difficulty in speech production.
Wernicke’s aphasia causes problems with language comprehension.
Spatial neglect is a condition where a person ignores one side of their visual field, often after right hemisphere damage.
The left hemisphere is involved in language and logic; the right hemisphere handles spatial and creative tasks.
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements and transmits sensory information.
Sensory pathways carry information to the brain; motor pathways carry commands from the brain to muscles.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions like heartbeat and digestion.
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
The parasympathetic nervous system promotes 'rest and digest' activities to conserve energy.