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Elementary Statistics - Probability Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is an event in probability?
    An event is any collection of results or outcomes of a procedure.
  • Define a simple event.
    A simple event is an outcome or event that cannot be further broken down into simpler components.
  • What is the sample space of a procedure?
    The sample space consists of all possible simple events or outcomes that cannot be broken down any further.
  • What does P(A) represent in probability notation?
    P(A) denotes the probability of event A occurring.
  • What are the possible values of probabilities?
    Probabilities range from 0 to 1, where 0 means the event never occurs and 1 means the event always occurs.
  • Describe the relative frequency approximation of probability.
    It approximates P(A) by conducting a procedure many times and calculating the ratio of times event A occurs to the total number of trials.
  • What is the classical approach to probability?
    If a procedure has n equally likely simple events and event A can occur in s ways, then P(A) = \(\frac{s}{n}\).
  • What caution should be taken when using the classical approach?
    Always confirm that the outcomes are equally likely before using the classical approach.
  • What are subjective probabilities?
    Probabilities estimated using knowledge of relevant circumstances rather than exact calculations or data.
  • What is a simulation in probability?
    A process that behaves like the actual procedure to produce similar results, used when other probability approaches are not feasible.
  • How should probabilities be rounded or expressed?
    Express probabilities as exact fractions or decimals rounded to three significant digits for clarity.
  • State the Law of Large Numbers.
    As a procedure is repeated many times, the relative frequency probability tends to approach the actual probability.
  • What is the complement of an event A?
    The complement, denoted \(A^c\), consists of all outcomes where event A does not occur.
  • Explain the Rare Event Rule for Inferential Statistics.
    If an observed event has a very small probability under an assumption, the assumption is likely incorrect.
  • When is a number of successes considered significantly high?
    If the probability of x or more successes is ≤ 0.05, x is significantly high.
  • When is a number of successes considered significantly low?
    If the probability of x or fewer successes is ≤ 0.05, x is significantly low.
  • Define actual odds against an event A.
    The ratio of the number of ways event A does not occur to the number of ways it does, expressed as a:b.
  • How are actual odds in favor of event A related to odds against?
    Actual odds in favor are the inverse ratio of odds against; if odds against are a:b, odds in favor are b:a.
  • What are payoff odds against an event?
    The ratio of net profit to the amount bet, expressed as (net profit):(amount bet).
  • Why do casinos offer payoff odds different from actual odds?
    Casinos offer payoff odds less favorable than actual odds to ensure a profit margin.