What is the typical response in the scientific research when a long-standing theory is challenged by new and robust findings?

What is the purpose of an operational definition in experimental research? 

Which of the following best describes scientific skepticism?

In psychological research, which method is best suited for determining the cause-and-effect relationship between sleep deprivation and cognitive performance?

In a study to investigate the effects of background music on reading comprehension, the type of music played during the reading session is the __________.

In a study to explore the effects of ambient temperature on concentration levels, participants are placed in rooms set at either 18°C or 25°C. Their performance on a series of mental math tests is then measured. What is the independent variable in this study?

What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory in scientific research?