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Terms in this set (22)

  • What is memory?
    Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
  • What are the three stages of memory?
    Encoding (transforming info), Storage (maintaining info), and Retrieval (accessing info).
  • Define sensory memory.
    Brief storage of sensory information, lasting only a few seconds.
  • What is short-term memory?
    Temporary storage with limited capacity, about 7 items.
  • Describe long-term memory.
    Permanent storage with unlimited capacity.
  • What is explicit memory?
    Conscious recall of facts and events.
  • What is implicit memory?
    Unconscious recall of skills and procedures.
  • What is classical conditioning?
    Learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
  • Define unconditioned stimulus (US).
    A stimulus that naturally elicits a response (e.g., food).
  • Define unconditioned response (UR).
    Natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation).
  • What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
    A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response after association with the US.
  • What is a conditioned response (CR)?
    Learned response to the conditioned stimulus.
  • What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
    The initial learning phase where the CS is paired with the US.
  • Define extinction in classical conditioning.
    Disappearance of the conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the US.
  • What is spontaneous recovery?
    Reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction.
  • Explain generalization in classical conditioning.
    Similar stimuli elicit the same conditioned response.
  • What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
    Ability to distinguish between different stimuli.
  • What is operant conditioning?
    Learning through consequences, such as rewards and punishments.
  • Define positive reinforcement.
    Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.
  • Define negative reinforcement.
    Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.
  • What is punishment in operant conditioning?
    Adding or removing a stimulus to decrease behavior.
  • What is shaping in operant conditioning?
    Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired outcome.