Q: Which of the following best describes the p-value in hypothesis testing?

The probability of observing data as extreme as, or more extreme than, the observed data, assuming the null hypothesis is true

Q: A hospital administrator wants to know if the average length of stay differs between two hospitals. Which R function and statistical test should be used?

t.test() for independent samples

Q: Which of the following is a correct formula for the sample mean $\bar{x}$ of $n$ observations $x_1, x_2, ..., x_n$?

$\bar{x} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of using statistical methods in health sciences, as outlined in the course description?

Accepted Answer

To develop a foundation in basic statistical concepts and apply them to analyze and interpret health data

Question 2

A health researcher wants to compare the mean blood pressure between two independent groups (treatment and control). Which R function is most appropriate for this analysis?

Accepted Answer

t.test()

Question 3

Suppose you have a dataset of patient cholesterol levels. Which R function would you use to calculate the standard deviation of these values?

Accepted Answer

sd()

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The CLT states that, for a sufficiently large sample size, the distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution, regardless of the population's distribution.

Question 5

A medical study collects data on the number of new flu cases per week in a city. Which probability distribution is most appropriate for modeling this data?

Accepted Answer

Poisson distribution

Question 6

You are analyzing the relationship between two continuous variables: age and systolic blood pressure. Which R function would you use to compute the correlation coefficient?

Accepted Answer

cor()

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a key component of statistical literacy as described in the course outline?

Accepted Answer

Memorizing all R functions without understanding their use

Question 8

A researcher wants to test if there is a significant association between smoking status (smoker/non-smoker) and the presence of lung disease (yes/no) in a sample. Which statistical test should be used?

Accepted Answer

Chi-square test

Question 9

Given a dataset in R, which command would you use to display the first six rows to get an overview of the data?

Accepted Answer

head()

Question 10

Suppose you want to visualize the distribution of a continuous variable (e.g., BMI) in R. Which function would you most likely use?

Accepted Answer

hist()

Question 11

A clinical trial reports a 95% confidence interval for the mean difference in blood pressure as $[2.1, 5.3]$. What does this interval mean?

Accepted Answer

We are 95% confident that the true mean difference lies between 2.1 and 5.3.

Question 12

Which R function would you use to fit a simple linear regression model predicting cholesterol level from age?

Accepted Answer

lm()

Question 13

A researcher is interested in comparing the means of three different treatment groups. Which statistical test should be used?

Accepted Answer

ANOVA

Question 14

Which of the following R commands would you use to read a CSV file named 'data.csv' into a data frame called df?

Accepted Answer

df <- read.csv('data.csv')

Question 15

If a variable in your dataset is coded as 1 for 'male' and 2 for 'female', what type of variable is this?

Accepted Answer

Categorical (nominal)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the p-value in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

The probability of observing data as extreme as, or more extreme than, the observed data, assuming the null hypothesis is true

Question 17

A hospital administrator wants to know if the average length of stay differs between two hospitals. Which R function and statistical test should be used?

Accepted Answer

t.test() for independent samples

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct formula for the sample mean $\bar{x}$ of $n$ observations $x_1, x_2, ..., x_n$?

Accepted Answer

$\bar{x} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i$

Question 19

Which R function would you use to create a frequency table of a categorical variable?

Accepted Answer

table()

Question 20

A researcher wants to test whether the mean systolic blood pressure in a sample of 100 patients is significantly different from the known population mean of 120 mmHg. Which statistical test should be used?

Accepted Answer

One-sample t-test

Quantitative Approaches to Health Science: Syllabus and R Programming Integration

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