27. Reproductive System

Oogenesis, and comparison with spermatogenesis

Female Reproductive Physiology

Oogenesis

Female Reproductive System - Menstrual Cycle, Hormones and Regulation

Human Physiology - Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian Cycle

 Secondary oocytes are ovulated from the ovary. Females do not ovulate true egg cells. The secondary oocyte does not complete meiosis II and become a true egg until a sperm penetrates the ovum. 

 Which cell type is ovulated from the ovary? 

Coupling of Folliculogenesis & Oogenesis

Human Physiology - Reproduction: Female Sexual Response

 The ovaries, which make estrogen and progesterone, are the primary sex organs of the female. 

 The organ that makes estrogen and progesterone is the __________. 

 The endometrium has two layers: the stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis. The stratum functionalis (or functional layer of the endometrium) is shed during menstruation in response to declining levels of progesterone. During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the stratum basalis will regenerate the stratum functionalis. 

 The functional layer of the endometrium is shed in response to __________. 

Oogenesis and Follicles – Embryology | Lecturio

Osmosis | Female Estrogen and progesterone

MENSTRUAL CYCLE (Ovarian Cycle, Uterine Cycle, Folliculogenesis, Oogenesis)

Ovarian and Uterine Cycles

 The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers ovulation, which occurs, on average, on day 14 of the monthly cycle. 

 The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers __________. 

Phases of the ovarian cycle

Oogenesis | Embryology

Reproductive System - Sex & Fertilization

 In humans, the secondary oocyte must complete meiosis II before it can be fertilized. 

 Female infants are born with primary oocytes that are stalled in prophase I until puberty. At the onset of puberty, each month, one primary oocyte continues with meiosis I. During oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced. Oogenesis is achieved through meiosis. However, the ovulated secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and does not complete meiosis II until it is fertilized. 

 Primary oocytes are stalled in prophase I until puberty. 

 In oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced. 

 Choose the FALSE statement about oogenesis. 

 luteal phase; characterized by decreased progesterone levels 

 follicular phase; development of a secondary oocyte within a dominant follicle 

 The ovarian cycle includes the monthly events that are associated with the maturation of an egg. The ovarian cycle includes the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. During the follicular phase, a secondary oocyte develops within a dominant follicle. During ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle in the ovary collapses and the remaining granulosa cells are modified into an endocrine structure called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen. 

 ovarian cycle; monthly series of events associated with maturation of an egg 

 ovulation; release of a secondary oocyte 

Ovarian Cycle: Follicular Phase

 The functional layer of the endometrium starts to rebuild in the proliferative phase, which is initiated by rising estrogen levels. 

 In which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild? 

 The uterine wall has three layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The endometrium has two layers: the stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis. The stratum functionalis (or functional layer of the endometrium) is shed during menstruation in response to declining levels of progesterone. During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the stratum basalis will regenerate the stratum functionalis. 

 The __________ is shed during menstruation. 

 The female sexual response is similar to that of males. 

The female and male sexual responses are similar. The final phase of the female sexual response is orgasm; however, orgasm is not necessary for conception to occur. It was originally thought that testosterone was the main regulator of libido in males and in females. However, recent evidence suggests that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the main androgen that is associated with female libido.

 The final phase of the female sexual response is orgasm. 

 Female orgasm is not required for conception. 

 Testosterone is the hormone that is primarily responsible for female libido. 

 Which of the following is FALSE regarding the female sexual response? 

 promotes the development of secondary sex characteristics in females 

Estrogen promotes oogenesis, stimulates the growth of the breasts, increases deposits of subcutaneous fat, leads to widening and lightening of the pelvis, promotes the development of secondary sex characteristics in females, sustains the density of the skeleton, and lowers cholesterol. Estrogen does not promote diuresis (water loss), nor does it cause lactation. Progesterone promotes the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, promotes diuresis, and stimulates the production of viscous cervical mucus. During pregnancy, progesterone quiets the myometrium and acts with estrogen to cause mammary glands to achieve their mature milk-producing state.

 helps to sustain the density of the skeleton 

 Which of the following is NOT an effect of estrogen? 

Female Sexual Response

Follicle Development

Estrogen | Reproductive system physiology 

 In a typical cycle, ovulation occurs on day 14. 

 In a typical or “average” cycle, ovulation occurs on day __________. 

Ovarian and Menstrual Cycle | Hormone Regulation Flowchart

 Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in women. 

 Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics found in women? 

Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis | Reproductive

 Within the ovary, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum. 

 Within the ovary, progesterone is produced by the __________. 

The ovarian cycle | Reproductive system physiology 

 The uterine layer shed with each monthly cycle is the functional layer of endometrium. This innermost layer is shed when hormone levels drop at the end of the monthly cycle. 

 The uterine layer shed with each monthly cycle is the __________. 

 As indicated by its name, luteinizing hormone stimulates the ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus luteum, which will secrete large quantities of progesterone to maintain the stratum functionalis in case conception occurs. 

 Which hormone stimulates the ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus luteum? 

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