24. Nutrition, Metabolism, Energy Balance

Theories of food intake regulation

Energy Balance

Hormone Control of Hunger

 Thyroxine is the body’s major controller of metabolism. 

 The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is __________. 

 The body’s “thermostat” is the hypothalamus. 

 The main integrating center for thermoregulation is located in the __________. 

Temperature Regulation Of The Human Body

 This is a physiological response to hypothermia. 

 Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to hypothermia? 

 Leptin acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y, which is the most-powerful known appetite stimulant. 

 __________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting __________, which is the most powerful known appetite stimulant. 

Body temperature can be lowered by seeking shade, decreasing activity, sweating, dilation of cutaneous capillaries to radiate heat to the environment, and wearing loose, light-colored clothing. As sweat evaporates from the body, cooling occurs. Mechanisms that raise body temperature include constricting cutaneous capillaries to reduce the loss of heat to the environment, shivering, increasing physical activity, eating, and raising levels of certain hormones such as thyroxine.

 Which of the following would raise body temperature? 

Thermoregulation: Heat Transfer

 The official medical measurement of obesity is the body mass index. 

 The official medical measurement of obesity is the __________. 

Metabolic Rate - What Is Metabolic Rate - Basal Metabolic Rate - How Many Calories Burned In A Day

The metabolic rate is the body's rate of energy output. The total metabolic rate (TMR) is the rate of kilocalorie (energy) consumption needed to fuel all physiological activities, involuntary and voluntary. Food ingestion induces a rapid increase in TMR. This effect is called food-induced thermogenesis. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities, such as breathing and maintaining resting levels of organ function. The lowest metabolic state of the body, however, occurs during sleep.

 The body's overall rate of energy output is called the basal metabolic rate. 

The Brain's Hunger/Satiety Pathways and Obesity

 an increase in metabolism that increases appetite 

 Fat cells of overweight people sprout more alpha receptors, which make it easier for fat cells to accumulate fat. 

 an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells  

 an increase in heat loss from the body that requires more food intake 

 an increase in thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate 

 Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight? 

 blood concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids 

There are short- and long-term regulators of food intake. Short-term regulators include neural signals from the GI tract (for example, stretch receptor stimulation), blood levels of nutrients such as fatty acids and amino acids, and gut hormones (cholecystokinin, for example). Long-term control of food intake is regulated by the hormone leptin. Leptin is secreted exclusively by adipose cells in response to increased body fat.

 Which of the following is considered a long-term regulator of feeding behavior? 

Radiation, convection, evaporation and conduction for the human body

 The BMR is the only amount of energy required for “housekeeping” activities, which keep us alive. 

 Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs in order to perform only the most essential activities and is often referred to as the “energy cost of living”? 

 needed to move 1 kilogram of water 1 meter 

 A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C. 

 needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C 

 needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°F 

 A kilocalorie is the amount of energy __________. 

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Temperature Homeostasis (Regulation)

 vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels 

 A major means for conserving heat is __________. 

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1. Introduction to A&P

2. Chemistry

3. Cells

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5. Integumentary System

6. Bones + Skeletal Tissues

7. Skeletal System

8. Joints

9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue

10. Muscular System

11. Nervous Tissue

12. Central Nervous System

13. Peripheral Nervous System

14. Autonomic Nervous System

15. Special Senses

16. Endocrine System

17. Blood

18. Cardiovascular System: the Heart

19. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

20. Lymphatic System

21. Immune System

22. Respiratory System

23. Digestive System

25. Urinary System

26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

27. Reproductive System

28. Pregnancy and Human Development

29. Heredity

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Five major nutrient categories

Simple and complex carbohydrate sources

Saturated, unsaturated, and trans fatty acid sources

Nutritionally complete and incomplete proteins

Nitrogen balance

Major uses of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Fat and water soluble vitamins

Essential minerals

Dietary sources of minerals

Nutrients

Metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism

Oxidation and reduction in metabolism

Coenzymes in cellular oxidation reactions

Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport

Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Fatty acids oxidation

Ketone bodies and formation

Amino acid metabolism

Absorptive and postabsorptive states and regulation

Metabolic functions of the liver

LDLs and HDLs

Metabolism

Basal metabolic rate and total metabolic rate

Body temperature regulation, and mechanisms regulating heat production, retention, and loss

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