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Anatomy & Physiology: Cells and Tissues

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Terms in this set (19)

  • What is the composition of the body's extracellular environment?
    The extracellular environment consists of extracellular fluid, including interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and other body fluids surrounding cells.
  • How do cells adhere to each other and to the extracellular environment?
    Cells use adhesion molecules like cadherins and integrins to attach to each other and to components of the extracellular matrix.
  • What are the three types of cell signaling used by body cells?
    Contact signaling, chemical signaling, and electrical signaling enable cells to communicate and coordinate functions.
  • Define 'tissue' and 'histology'.
    Tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Histology is the study of tissues.
  • What are the four categories of tissues in the body?
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • What are the key features of epithelial tissues?
    Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces, line cavities, have polarity, are avascular, and have high regenerative capacity.
  • Differentiate simple squamous epithelium from simple cuboidal epithelium.
    Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells for diffusion; simple cuboidal epithelium is a single layer of cube-shaped cells for secretion and absorption.
  • What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
    A single layer of cells with varying heights that appears stratified but all cells contact the basement membrane.
  • Define gland and differentiate exocrine and endocrine glands.
    Glands are epithelial structures that secrete substances. Exocrine glands secrete onto surfaces via ducts; endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
  • What are the structural classes of multicellular exocrine glands?
    Simple (unbranched duct) and compound (branched duct) glands.
  • What are the main types of connective tissue?
    Mesenchyme, loose connective tissue proper (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense connective tissue proper (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), and cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage).
  • Differentiate serous and mucous membranes.
    Serous membranes line closed cavities and secrete watery fluid; mucous membranes line body openings and secrete mucus.
  • What terms describe tissue response to injury?
    Growth factor, inflammation, organization, regeneration, and fibrosis.
  • What factors influence tissue repair outcomes?
    Severity of injury, type of tissue, presence of infection, and blood supply.
  • Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
    A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls substance movement in and out of the cell.
  • Differentiate passive and active membrane transport processes.
    Passive processes (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration) require no energy; active processes (active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis) require energy.
  • Name key cellular organelles and their functions.
    Nucleus (DNA storage), nucleolus (ribosome production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein modification), ER (protein/lipid synthesis), lysosomes (digestion), peroxisomes (detoxification), mitochondria (ATP production).
  • What are microtubules, microfilaments, cilia, and flagella?
    Microtubules and microfilaments are cytoskeletal elements; cilia and flagella are motile projections for movement or fluid flow.
  • Outline the phases of the cell cycle.
    Interphase (growth and DNA replication), mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).