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Anatomy & Physiology: Cellular Biology Basics

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Terms in this set (52)

  • How many cells make up the human body?
    Trillions of cells.
  • First part of the cell theory
    All living things are made of cells.
  • Second part of the cell theory
    Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
  • Third part of the cell theory
    All cells come from pre-existing cells.
  • Control center of the cell
    Nucleus.
  • Part of the nucleus controlling all cell activities
    DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).
  • Basic structure of a phospholipid molecule
    Phosphate head (hydrophilic) and two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic).
  • Phospholipid bilayer
    A double layer of phospholipids forming the cell membrane.
  • Membrane that surrounds the nucleus
    Nuclear envelope.
  • Definition of cytoplasm
    Cellular material filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
  • Three parts of cytoplasm
    Cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.
  • Definition of cytosol
    Fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
  • Definition of organelle
    Structures within the cell that perform specific functions.
  • Definition of inclusion
    Chemicals that may or may not be present in the cell at any time.
  • Function of mitochondria
    Produces energy for the cell.
  • Molecule of cellular energy
    ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).
  • Process needed to produce ATP
    Cellular respiration.
  • Materials needed to create ATP
    Glucose and energy.
  • Waste gas after cellular respiration
    Carbon dioxide.
  • Two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    Rough ER (with ribosomes) and Smooth ER (without ribosomes).
  • Function of Rough ER
    Produces and modifies proteins.
  • Function of Smooth ER
    Metabolizes lipids.
  • Structural description of cilia
    Short, hair-like structures on the cell surface.
  • Structural description of flagella
    Long, single structure on the cell surface.
  • Movement of cilia
    Back-and-forth movement.
  • Movement of flagella
    S-shaped motion.
  • Function of cilia
    Move fluid across the cell surface.
  • Function of flagella
    Moves the cell through its fluid environment.
  • Only human cell with flagella
    Sperm cell.
  • Smaller part of a solution
    Solute.
  • Largest part of a solution
    Solvent.
  • Solution with water as solvent
    Aqueous solution.
  • Fluid inside the cell
    Intracellular fluid.
  • Fluid outside the cell
    Interstitial fluid.
  • Energy source for passive transport
    Kinetic energy.
  • Energy source for active transport
    ATP.
  • Direction of movement in passive transport
    Down concentration gradient (high to low).
  • Direction of movement in active transport
    Up concentration gradient (low to high).
  • Simple diffusion
    Passive movement of chemicals across membrane until equilibrium.
  • Osmosis
    Passive movement of water across the membrane.
  • Protein allowing water to pass membrane
    Aquaporin.
  • Two types of facilitated diffusion
    Carrier-mediated and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion.
  • Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
    Diffusion through carrier protein that changes shape to pass substances.
  • Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
    Diffusion through open channel protein at both ends.
  • Vesicular transport
    Moves substances into/out of cell without crossing membrane directly.
  • Two types of vesicular transport
    Endocytosis and exocytosis.
  • Exocytosis
    Substances leave cell in vesicle that fuses with membrane and releases content.
  • Endocytosis
    Substances enter cell in vesicle formed by membrane indentation.
  • Three types of endocytosis
    Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.
  • Phagocytosis nickname and description
    Cell-eating; cell takes in specific substances.
  • Pinocytosis nickname and description
    Cell-drinking; cell gulps interstitial fluid with substances.
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
    Receptors bind specific chemicals to bring them inside the cell.