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Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 4 - Tissues

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Terms in this set (28)

  • What are tissues?
    Tissues are groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related functions.
  • What are the four basic tissue types?
    The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
  • What is histology?
    Histology is the study of tissues.
  • What are the three embryonic germ layers and the tissues they produce?
    Ectoderm forms nervous tissue, Endoderm forms inner epithelial tissues, and Mesoderm forms muscle and connective tissues.
  • What are the three types of covering and lining membranes?
    The three types are cutaneous membranes (skin), mucous membranes (line body cavities open to exterior), and serous membranes (line closed ventral body cavities).
  • What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
    Epithelial tissue functions in protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.
  • What are the special characteristics of epithelial tissues?
    Epithelial tissues have polarity, specialized contacts (desmosomes, tight junctions), are supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and have a high regenerative capacity.
  • What is the basement membrane?
    The basement membrane is composed of the basal lamina and reticular lamina, supporting epithelial sheets and resisting stretching and tearing.
  • How is epithelial tissue classified?
    Epithelial tissue is classified by layering (simple or stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).
  • Describe simple squamous epithelium.
    Single layer of flattened cells allowing diffusion and filtration; found in air sacs of lungs and lining blood vessels.
  • Describe simple cuboidal epithelium.
    Single layer of cube-like cells involved in secretion and absorption; found in kidney tubules and glands.
  • Describe simple columnar epithelium.
    Single layer of tall cells involved in absorption and secretion; often contains mucus-secreting goblet cells; found in digestive tract.
  • What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
    A single layer of cells of differing heights that appears stratified; functions in secretion and movement of mucus; found in respiratory tract.
  • What is stratified squamous epithelium?
    Multiple layers of cells with basal cells cuboidal or columnar and surface cells flattened; protects underlying tissues; found in skin and mouth.
  • What is transitional epithelium?
    Stratified epithelium that stretches readily; lines urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra.
  • What are the two main types of glands formed by epithelial tissue?
    Endocrine glands (ductless, secrete hormones into blood) and exocrine glands (have ducts, secrete onto body surfaces or cavities).
  • What are the structural classifications of multicellular exocrine glands?
    Based on duct structure: simple (unbranched ducts) and compound (branched ducts); based on secretory unit: tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar.
  • What are the modes of secretion in exocrine glands?
    Merocrine (exocytosis), holocrine (cell ruptures), and apocrine (apex of cell pinches off).
  • What are the main components of connective tissue?
    Connective tissue consists of cells and an extracellular matrix made of ground substance and fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular).
  • What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
    Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.
  • What are the characteristics of areolar connective tissue?
    Most widely distributed connective tissue; supports and binds other tissues; contains fibroblasts, collagen fibers, and macrophages.
  • What is adipose tissue?
    Loose connective tissue specialized for nutrient storage, shock absorption, and insulation; composed mainly of adipocytes.
  • What is dense regular connective tissue?
    Closely packed collagen fibers running parallel; provides great tensile strength; found in tendons and ligaments.
  • What is cartilage?
    Avascular connective tissue with chondrocytes in lacunae; types include hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
  • What are the properties of bone tissue?
    Hard connective tissue with collagen and inorganic calcium salts; supports and protects; contains osteoblasts and osteocytes.
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?
    Skeletal muscle (voluntary, striated), cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated, with intercalated discs), and smooth muscle (involuntary, non-striated).
  • What are neurons and neuroglia?
    Neurons transmit electrical signals; neuroglia support, insulate, and protect neurons in nervous tissue.
  • What are the two major ways tissue repair occurs?
    Regeneration (replacement with same tissue) and fibrosis (replacement with connective tissue scar).