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Anatomy & Physiology Chapters 8-10 Key Concepts

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Terms in this set (21)

  • What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

    The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

  • Define the structure of a long bone.

    A long bone consists of the diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), medullary cavity, and is covered by the periosteum.

  • What type of tissue makes up the majority of bone?

    Osseous tissue, a type of connective tissue, forms the majority of bone structure.

  • Describe the difference between compact and spongy bone.

    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and found inside bones, containing red marrow.

  • What is the role of osteoblasts in bone physiology?

    Osteoblasts are cells responsible for bone formation by producing the bone matrix.

  • What function do osteoclasts serve?

    Osteoclasts break down bone tissue during bone resorption, aiding in remodeling and calcium release.

  • Explain the process of endochondral ossification.

    Endochondral ossification is the process where cartilage is replaced by bone during fetal development and growth.

  • What is the significance of the epiphyseal plate?

    The epiphyseal plate is a growth plate of cartilage that allows longitudinal bone growth during childhood.

  • Name the main types of joints based on their movement.

    Joints are classified as synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and diarthrosis (freely movable).

  • What is the function of synovial fluid?

    Synovial fluid lubricates joints, reducing friction and nourishing cartilage.

  • Identify the three types of muscle tissue.

    The three types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

  • What distinguishes skeletal muscle from other muscle types?

    Skeletal muscle is voluntary, striated, and attached to bones for movement.

  • Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

    Muscle contraction occurs when actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

  • What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?

    Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose binding sites for myosin on actin.

  • Define the neuromuscular junction.

    The neuromuscular junction is the synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber.

  • What is the function of ATP in muscle contraction?

    ATP provides energy for myosin head movement and detachment during contraction cycles.

  • Explain the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions.

    Isotonic contractions change muscle length; isometric contractions generate force without changing length.

  • What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?

    The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions to trigger muscle contraction.

  • Name the main components of the central nervous system (CNS).

    The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

  • What is the primary function of neurons?

    Neurons transmit electrical signals to communicate information throughout the body.

  • Describe the role of myelin sheath.

    The myelin sheath insulates axons, increasing the speed of electrical impulse conduction.