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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What is the anatomical position?

    The body is standing upright, facing forward, feet flat and slightly apart, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

  • Define the axial region.

    The central part of the body including the head, neck, and trunk.

  • Define the appendicular region.

    The limbs or appendages attached to the axial region.

  • What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

    Above or higher in position relative to another part.

  • What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical terms?

    Below or lower in position relative to another part.

  • What is the function of the plasma membrane?

    It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and provides protection.

  • What is the role of mitochondria?

    They produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

  • Name the four primary tissue types.

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

  • What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

    Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

  • Define diffusion.

    The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

  • What is osmosis?

    The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

  • What is the mitotic spindle?

    A structure made of microtubules that segregates chromosomes during mitosis.

  • What is the metaphase plate?

    The imaginary plane where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

  • Define selective permeability.

    The property of the plasma membrane that allows some substances to pass while blocking others.

  • What is the function of ribosomes?

    They synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

  • What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to an epithelial surface.

  • What is the function of melanin?

    It provides pigmentation to the skin and protects against UV radiation.

  • What is the difference between proximal and distal?

    Proximal means closer to the point of attachment; distal means farther from the point of attachment.

  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

    It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

  • What are the two types of serous membranes?

    Parietal (lines body cavities) and visceral (covers organs).