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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide: Lymphatic, Digestive, and Metabolic Systems

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Terms in this set (28)

  • Primary function of the lymphatic system

    The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and plays a key role in immunity by filtering pathogens.

  • Lymphatic capillaries

    Small, blind-ended vessels that absorb tissue fluid and allow it to enter the lymphatic system as lymph.

  • Right lymphatic duct drains lymph from which areas?

    Drains lymph from the right arm, right side of the head, and right thorax.

  • Major lymphatic organs

    Include the lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and tonsils, each with specific immune functions.

  • Role of lymph nodes

    Filter lymph to trap pathogens and foreign particles and house lymphocytes for immune response.

  • Thymus gland function

    Site of T cell maturation, essential for adaptive immunity.

  • Innate (nonspecific) defenses examples

    Include physical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever that provide immediate defense against pathogens.

  • Difference between T cells and B cells

    T cells mediate cellular immunity; B cells produce antibodies for humoral immunity.

  • Antibody structure

    Y-shaped molecule with variable regions that bind specific antigens and constant regions that determine antibody class.

  • Primary immune response

    Initial response to an antigen with slow antibody production and memory cell formation.

  • Secondary immune response

    Faster and stronger antibody production due to memory cells from prior exposure.

  • Major organs of the digestive system

    Include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

  • Layers of the alimentary canal wall

    From inside out: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

  • Function of the stomach

    Stores food, initiates protein digestion, and regulates release of chyme into the small intestine.

  • Role of the pancreas in digestion

    Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.

  • Functions of the liver

    Includes bile production, metabolism of nutrients, detoxification, and storage of vitamins and minerals.

  • Small intestine adaptations for absorption

    Has villi and microvilli to increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

  • Major digestive enzymes and their substrates

    Examples: amylase (carbohydrates), lipase (lipids), proteases (proteins).

  • Metabolic processes overview

    Include catabolism (breaking down molecules for energy) and anabolism (building molecules).

  • Cellular respiration stages

    Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP from glucose.

  • Role of ATP in metabolism

    ATP is the primary energy currency used to power cellular processes.

  • Carbohydrate metabolism

    Glucose is broken down via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to produce ATP.

  • Lipid metabolism by the liver

    Includes breakdown, synthesis, and transport of lipids for energy and storage.

  • Protein catabolism

    Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which can be used for energy or synthesis of new proteins.

  • Appetite control factors

    Regulated by hormones like ghrelin (stimulates appetite) and leptin (suppresses appetite).

  • Fat-soluble vitamins

    Include vitamins A, D, E, and K, which are stored in body fat and important for various functions.

  • Water-soluble vitamins

    Include B-complex and vitamin C, which must be regularly consumed as they are not stored extensively.

  • Major minerals in nutrition

    Include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium, essential for body functions.