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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Review

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Terms in this set (23)

  • Types of cartilage and examples

    Hyaline cartilage is found in the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones. Elastic cartilage is in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.

  • Types of epithelial tissue and examples

    Simple squamous lines blood vessels; stratified squamous in skin; simple cuboidal in kidney tubules; simple columnar in digestive tract; pseudostratified columnar in respiratory tract.

  • Role of different types of adipose tissue

    White adipose tissue stores energy and insulates; brown adipose tissue generates heat through thermogenesis.

  • Composition of tendons and ligaments

    Both are composed mainly of dense regular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers, providing tensile strength.

  • Component giving greatest tensile strength to connective tissues

    Collagen fibers provide the greatest tensile strength in connective tissues like tendons and ligaments.

  • Differences between sebaceous, apocrine, exocrine, sudoriferous, endocrine, and ceruminous glands

    Sebaceous glands secrete oil; apocrine glands produce sweat in armpits/genital areas; exocrine glands secrete externally; sudoriferous glands are sweat glands; endocrine glands secrete hormones internally; ceruminous glands produce earwax.

  • Properties and examples of muscle tissue types

    Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated; cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and found in the heart; smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated, found in organs.

  • Differences in types of burns

    First-degree burns affect only the epidermis; second-degree burns affect epidermis and part of dermis; third-degree burns destroy epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues.

  • Role of melanin

    Melanin protects skin from UV radiation by absorbing harmful rays and determining skin color.

  • Order of layers of the epidermis

    From deep to superficial: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.

  • Roles of dendritic cells, melanocytes, tactile cells, and keratinocytes

    Dendritic cells are immune cells; melanocytes produce melanin; tactile cells detect touch; keratinocytes produce keratin for protection.

  • Composition of the dermis layers

    Papillary layer is loose connective tissue with capillaries; reticular layer is dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

  • Functions of the skin

    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion, and immune defense.

  • Significance of the Rule of Nines

    The Rule of Nines estimates the percentage of body surface burned to guide fluid replacement therapy.

  • Bone categories and examples

    Long bones like femur; flat bones like sternum; short bones like carpals; irregular bones like vertebrae.

  • Roles of cell types in bones and cartilage

    Osteoblasts build bone; osteocytes maintain bone; osteoclasts resorb bone; chondrocytes maintain cartilage.

  • Definitions of parts of a typical long bone

    Diaphysis is the shaft; epiphysis is the end; metaphysis is the growth plate area; medullary cavity contains marrow.

  • Role of the skeletal system

    Supports body structure, protects organs, facilitates movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

  • Axial vs. appendicular skeleton bones

    Axial skeleton includes skull, vertebrae, ribs; appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.

  • Components of the Haversian system

    Osteon is the structural unit; includes central canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculi.

  • Hormones related to the skeletal system

    Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium; calcitonin lowers blood calcium; growth hormone stimulates bone growth.

  • Differences between endochondral and intramembranous ossification

    Endochondral ossification forms bone from cartilage; intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchyme.

  • What is osteoporosis and prevention

    Osteoporosis is bone density loss leading to fragility. Prevention includes calcium/vitamin D intake, exercise, and avoiding smoking.