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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Review

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Terms in this set (35)

  • Two components all tissue types are made of
    Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • Four major types of tissue
    Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue
  • Define ground substance
    The gel-like material in the ECM that surrounds cells and fibers, providing support and medium for nutrient exchange
  • Function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in ground substance
    Attract and retain water to maintain hydration and volume of the ECM
  • Function of glycoproteins in ground substance
    Help bind cells to the ECM and organize the matrix
  • Three types of protein fibers in ECM and their functions
    Collagen fibers provide strength, elastic fibers provide stretch and recoil, reticular fibers form supportive networks
  • Function of tight (occluding) junctions
    Seal cells together to prevent passage of molecules between them
  • Function of desmosomes
    Anchor cells together to resist mechanical stress
  • Function of gap junctions
    Allow direct communication and passage of ions between adjacent cells
  • General functions of epithelial tissue
    Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, and sensation
  • Function and location of simple squamous epithelium
    Allows rapid diffusion; found in lungs and blood vessel linings
  • Function and location of simple columnar epithelium
    Absorption and secretion; found in digestive tract lining
  • Function and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    Secretion and movement of mucus; found in respiratory tract
  • Function and location of stratified squamous epithelium
    Protects against abrasion; found in skin and mouth lining
  • Function of microvilli in epithelial tissue
    Increase surface area for absorption
  • Function of cilia in epithelial tissue
    Move substances across the epithelial surface
  • Function of goblet cells
    Secrete mucus to lubricate and protect surfaces
  • Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
    Exocrine glands secrete products onto surfaces via ducts; endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
  • Difference between unicellular and multicellular exocrine glands
    Unicellular glands consist of single cells (e.g., goblet cells); multicellular glands have multiple cells forming ducts and secretory units
  • Three modes of secretion in exocrine glands
    Merocrine: exocytosis; Apocrine: release of cytoplasm with secretion; Holocrine: entire cell disintegrates to release product
  • General functions of connective tissue
    Support, protection, binding organs, storage, transport, and immune defense
  • Function and location of adipose tissue
    Stores energy and cushions organs; found under skin and around organs
  • Function and location of hyaline cartilage
    Provides flexible support and reduces friction; found in nose, trachea, and ends of long bones
  • Function and location of fibrocartilage
    Resists compression and absorbs shock; found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
  • Function and location of elastic cartilage
    Provides flexible, elastic support; found in ear and epiglottis
  • Function and location of bone tissue
    Supports and protects body, stores minerals; found in skeleton
  • Function and location of blood tissue
    Transports gases, nutrients, and wastes; found in blood vessels
  • Types of muscle tissue and voluntary control
    Skeletal: voluntary; Cardiac: involuntary; Smooth: involuntary
  • Difference between true membranes and membrane-like structures
    True membranes have epithelial and connective tissue layers; membrane-like structures lack epithelial layer
  • Location of serous membrane
    Lines body cavities and covers organs (e.g., pleura, pericardium)
  • Location of synovial membrane
    Lines joint cavities
  • Location of cutaneous membrane
    The skin
  • Location of mucous membrane
    Lines body passages open to the exterior (e.g., respiratory, digestive tracts)
  • Compare regeneration vs fibrosis in tissue repair
    Regeneration replaces damaged tissue with same cell type; fibrosis replaces with scar tissue
  • Tissue types that use fibrosis vs regeneration
    Epithelial and some connective tissues regenerate; cardiac and nervous tissues mainly repair by fibrosis