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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (12)

  • What are sensory receptors?

    Sensory receptors are specialized cells or nerve endings that detect stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure, and send signals to the nervous system.

  • What are the main types of sweat glands?

    Eccrine glands produce watery sweat for thermoregulation, while apocrine glands produce thicker sweat associated with hair follicles and body odor.

  • Describe the basic anatomy of hair.

    Hair consists of the shaft (visible part), root (below skin), and hair follicle (surrounding structure). It includes the medulla, cortex, and cuticle layers.

  • What are the main layers of the epidermis?

    The epidermis has five layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.

  • What structures are found in the dermis?

    The dermis contains collagen and elastin fibers, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

  • How is calcium metabolism regulated in the body?

    Calcium metabolism is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D, controlling absorption, storage, and excretion.

  • What is endochondral ossification?

    Endochondral ossification is the process where bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage, mainly forming long bones.

  • What is intramembranous ossification?

    Intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchymal tissue, primarily in flat bones like the skull.

  • Name the main types of bone cells.

    Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, osteoclasts resorb bone, and osteoprogenitor cells are precursors.

  • What is the structure and function of intervertebral discs?

    Intervertebral discs have a nucleus pulposus center and a tough annulus fibrosus outer ring, providing cushioning and flexibility to the spine.

  • What are common types of arthritis?

    Common arthritis types include osteoarthritis (degenerative), rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune), and gouty arthritis (uric acid crystals).

  • What causes a herniated disc?

    A herniated disc occurs when the nucleus pulposus protrudes through a tear in the annulus fibrosus, potentially compressing spinal nerves.