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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3 Review

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Terms in this set (19)

  • What are the 4 tissue types and their general roles?

    Epithelial: covers surfaces; Connective: supports and binds; Muscle: enables movement; Nervous: transmits signals.

  • Difference between a blast and a cyte in connective tissue?

    Blast cells are immature, actively secreting matrix; Cyte cells are mature, maintaining the matrix.

  • What is the epiphyseal plate?

    A growth plate of hyaline cartilage where bone lengthening occurs during development.

  • Define fossa, epicondyle, ramus, meatus, and foramen.

    Fossa: shallow depression; Epicondyle: projection above a condyle; Ramus: arm-like bone extension; Meatus: canal-like passage; Foramen: hole for vessels/nerves.

  • Types of bone and examples?

    Long: femur; Short: carpals; Flat: sternum; Irregular: vertebrae.

  • What is appositional growth vs concentric growth?

    Appositional: growth in bone width; Concentric: growth in muscle fiber diameter.

  • Difference between axial and appendicular skeleton?

    Axial: skull, vertebrae, ribs; Appendicular: limbs and girdles.

  • Roles of thyroxine, calcitonin, estrogen, parathyroid hormone, and growth hormone?

    Thyroxine: regulates metabolism; Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium; Estrogen: bone growth; Parathyroid hormone: raises blood calcium; Growth hormone: stimulates growth.

  • What are perforating canals, central canals, canaliculi, and nutrient foramens?

    Perforating canals: connect central canals; Central canals: contain blood vessels; Canaliculi: tiny channels for cell communication; Nutrient foramens: entry points for blood vessels.

  • Role of tropomyosin, myoglobin, and T tubules in skeletal muscle?

    Tropomyosin: blocks actin binding sites; Myoglobin: stores oxygen; T tubules: transmit action potentials into muscle fiber.

  • Identify actin filaments, myosin filaments, thick filaments, Z discs, A band, I band, epimysium, fascicle, endomysium, and perimysium.

    Actin: thin filaments; Myosin: thick filaments; Z discs: boundaries of sarcomeres; A band: length of thick filaments; I band: thin filaments only; Epimysium: surrounds muscle; Fascicle: bundle of fibers; Endomysium: surrounds fibers; Perimysium: surrounds fascicles.

  • Define fatigue period, latent period, refractory period, and relaxation period in muscle contraction.

    Latent period: delay before contraction; Contraction period: muscle shortens; Relaxation period: muscle returns to rest; Refractory period: time muscle can't respond to stimulus.

  • Define elasticity, extensibility, contractility, and excitability in muscle tissue.

    Elasticity: ability to return to original length; Extensibility: ability to stretch; Contractility: ability to shorten; Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli.

  • What are hydrolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and glycolysis?

    Hydrolysis: breakdown by water; Glycolysis: glucose to pyruvate; Citric acid cycle: produces electron carriers; Electron transport chain: produces ATP.

  • What is Myasthenia gravis?

    An autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness by blocking acetylcholine receptors.

  • Types of fractures: comminuted, spiral, and greenstick?

    Comminuted: bone shatters; Spiral: twisted break; Greenstick: incomplete break in children.

  • Define tetanus, muscle tone, isotonic contraction, isometric contraction, and multiple motor unit summation.

    Tetanus: sustained contraction; Muscle tone: resting tension; Isotonic: muscle changes length; Isometric: muscle length constant; Multiple motor unit summation: increased force by recruiting more units.

  • Identify bone parts labeled A-D in the first image (long bone cross-section).

    A: spongy bone; B: epiphysis; C: diaphysis; D: medullary cavity.

  • Identify muscle fiber parts labeled A-E in the second image (muscle fiber structure).

    A: sarcomere; B: A band; C: I band; D: Z disc; E: myosin filament.