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Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam High-Yield Review

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  • Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic nervous system
    Sympathetic is fight or flight; Parasympathetic is rest and digest.
  • Myopia vs Hyperopia
    Myopia is nearsightedness; Hyperopia is farsightedness.
  • Osteoblast vs Osteoclast
    Osteoblasts build bone; Osteoclasts break down bone.
  • Afferent vs Efferent neurons
    Afferent neurons carry sensory signals to CNS; Efferent neurons carry motor signals away from CNS.
  • Endocrine vs Exocrine glands
    Endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood; Exocrine glands secrete into ducts.
  • Rods vs Cones in the eye
    Rods detect night vision; Cones detect color vision.
  • Compact bone vs Spongy bone
    Compact bone has dense osteons; Spongy bone has trabeculae.
  • Isotonic vs Isometric muscle contraction
    Isotonic involves movement; Isometric involves no movement.
  • Mnemonic SAME
    SAME = Sensory Afferent, Motor Efferent.
  • Mnemonic SLUDD
    SLUDD = Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, Defecation.
  • Cranial nerve that innervates heart and digestive organs
    Vagus nerve (CN X).
  • Hormone that lowers blood glucose
    Insulin.
  • Cells that break down bone
    Osteoclasts.
  • Cause of depolarization in neurons
    Na+ influx.
  • Resting membrane potential value
    -70 mV.
  • Eye receptors that detect color
    Cones.
  • Joint with greatest range of motion
    Ball-and-socket joint.
  • Hormone that increases blood calcium
    Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • Where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced
    Choroid plexus.
  • Division of autonomic nervous system that is thoracolumbar
    Sympathetic nervous system.
  • Sliding filament theory summary
    During contraction, actin slides past myosin. Calcium binds troponin exposing actin sites. Myosin pulls actin using ATP. Sarcomeres shorten.
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathway
    Low BP → kidneys release renin → angiotensinogen to angiotensin I → ACE converts to angiotensin II → vasoconstriction + aldosterone release → sodium and water retention → increased BP.
  • Comparison of sympathetic and parasympathetic effects
    Sympathetic increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion. Parasympathetic conserves energy, promotes digestion, urination, lowers heart rate.
  • Visual pathway
    Cornea → pupil → lens → retina → optic nerve → optic chiasm → visual cortex.
  • Auditory pathway
    Tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlea → CN VIII → auditory cortex.
  • Muscle contraction pathway
    ACh release → depolarization → Ca++ release → contraction.
  • RAAS pathway steps
    Renin → angiotensin I → ACE → angiotensin II → aldosterone.
  • Function of CN VIII
    Hearing and balance.
  • Role of hypothalamus
    Controls the pituitary gland.
  • Role of thalamus
    Acts as a sensory relay station.
  • Role of cerebellum
    Coordinates movement.
  • Role of medulla
    Controls vital autonomic functions.
  • Neurotransmitter ACh in ANS
    Acetylcholine (ACh) is excitatory.
  • Neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons
    Norepinephrine.
  • Fovea centralis function
    Has highest cone density for sharp vision.
  • Type of secretion by sebaceous glands
    Holocrine secretion.
  • Type of secretion by sweat glands
    Merocrine secretion.