BackAnatomy & Physiology Final Exam Study Guide
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1/29BackSkip to main contentBackOrgan system involved in transporting nutrients and gases in blood
The cardiovascular system transports nutrients, gases, and wastes in the blood throughout the body. Levels of structural organization in the human body
The levels include chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels. Body region terms
Specific body areas are designated by terms such as cephalic (head), thoracic (chest), abdominal, pelvic, and limb regions. Body planes
The main planes are sagittal (divides left and right), frontal (divides front and back), and transverse (divides top and bottom). Negative vs positive feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain homeostasis; positive feedback amplifies a response to drive a process to completion. Building blocks of nucleic acids and proteins
Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides; proteins are made of amino acids. Types of chemical bonds and electron interactions
Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons; hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules. Types and functions of RNA molecules
mRNA carries genetic code, tRNA brings amino acids, and rRNA forms ribosomes for protein synthesis. Glycogen
Glycogen is a polysaccharide that stores glucose in the liver and muscles for energy. Role of rough endoplasmic reticulum in protein production
The rough ER has ribosomes that synthesize proteins destined for secretion or membranes. Four main tissue types
The four types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Tissues making up muscle, tendons, ligaments, and neurons
Muscle tissue forms muscles; dense connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments; nervous tissue forms neurons. Cell types in the skin
Skin contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Skin cells that protect from sun radiation
Melanocytes produce melanin, which protects skin from UV radiation. Functions of the integumentary system
Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion. Functions of bones
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage. Bone cells: osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, and osteoclasts break down bone. Stages of simple fracture repair
Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling. Three muscle types and their control
Skeletal muscle is voluntary, cardiac muscle is involuntary, and smooth muscle is involuntary. Functional characteristics of the muscular system
Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. Muscle fascicles
Bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue. Role of calcium and terminal cisternae in muscle contraction
Calcium released from the terminal cisternae triggers muscle contraction by binding to regulatory proteins. Steps of muscle contraction starting at neuromuscular junction
1. Nerve impulse releases acetylcholine, 2. Muscle fiber depolarizes, 3. Calcium released, 4. Cross-bridge cycling, 5. Muscle contracts. Isotonic vs isometric contractions
Isotonic contractions change muscle length; isometric contractions generate force without changing length. Energy sources during exercise
ATP stored, creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic respiration. Differences between bipolar and multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons have two processes; multipolar neurons have many processes. Absolute refractory period
Time during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential regardless of stimulus strength. Depolarization voltage range in neurons
From -70mV (resting) to +30mV during depolarization. Parts of a neuron and their functions
Dendrites receive signals, cell body processes information, axon transmits impulses.
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