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Anatomy & Physiology High-Yield Flashcards

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Terms in this set (42)

  • What is anatomy?

    Study of the form and structure of the body.

  • What is physiology?

    Study of how the body functions.

  • Difference between anatomy and physiology?

    Anatomy studies structure; physiology studies function.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    Upright stance; feet flat and parallel; arms at sides; palms facing forward; head level; eyes forward.

  • Define superior and inferior.

    Superior: above; Inferior: below.

  • Define anterior and posterior.

    Anterior: toward the front; Posterior: toward the back.

  • Define medial and lateral.

    Medial: toward the midline; Lateral: away from the midline.

  • Define proximal and distal.

    Proximal: closer to point of attachment; Distal: farther from point of attachment.

  • What are the four major body planes?

    Sagittal (right/left), Midsagittal (equal halves), Frontal (anterior/posterior), Transverse (superior/inferior).

  • What is a serous membrane?

    A continuous two-layer membrane lining a body cavity and covering organs within it.

  • Difference between parietal and visceral serous membranes?

    Parietal: lines cavity wall; Visceral: covers organ.

  • What is the pericardium?

    Two-layered serous membrane around the heart.

  • What does the visceral pericardium cover?

    The external surface of the heart.

  • What is the pleura?

    Two-layered serous membrane associated with the lungs.

  • What does the visceral pleura cover?

    The external surface of the lungs.

  • What is the peritoneum?

    Two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and covering most organs there.

  • Why are serous membranes important?

    They secrete serous fluid that lubricates and reduces friction as organs move.

  • What is the function of the nucleus?

    Cell's control center; contains hereditary material (genes/chromosomes).

  • What is the function of mitochondria?

    Perform aerobic cellular respiration to synthesize ATP.

  • What is the function of ribosomes?

    Protein synthesis.

  • What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?

    Fatty acids and steroids.

  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

    Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins; forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

  • What do peroxisomes do?

    Break down organic substances using oxygen; detoxify; produce hydrogen peroxide.

  • What is the plasma membrane?

    Selective cell boundary separating intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF); maintains ion differences.

  • What is the fluid mosaic model?

    Plasma membrane is a fluid lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.

  • Describe phospholipid structure.

    Polar hydrophilic head and nonpolar hydrophobic tails.

  • Why do phospholipids form a bilayer?

    Heads face watery ICF/ECF; tails face inward away from water.

  • What happens during interphase?

    G1: growth and normal function; S: DNA replication; G2: growth and preparation for mitosis.

  • Order the stages of mitosis (PMAT).

    Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

  • What happens during metaphase?

    Chromosomes align at the cell center.

  • What happens during anaphase?

    Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

  • What is cytokinesis?

    Cytoplasm splits; cleavage furrow forms.

  • What are the four major tissue types?

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

  • How is epithelial tissue named?

    By number of layers and shape of apical cells.

  • Difference between simple and stratified epithelium?

    Simple = one cell layer; stratified = two or more layers.

  • What is pseudostratified epithelium?

    One layer with all cells touching basement membrane but nuclei at different heights, appearing layered.

  • What are the five epidermal layers from deep to superficial?

    Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum.

  • What is the function of the stratum basale?

    Deepest layer; cell division produces new keratinocytes.

  • What are the three methods of glandular secretion?

    Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine.

  • Describe merocrine secretion.

    Secretion by exocytosis; cell remains intact.

  • Describe apocrine secretion.

    Product released from apical surface; part of cell is lost.

  • Describe holocrine secretion.

    Whole cell becomes secretory product and is destroyed.