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Anatomy & Physiology: Histology and Integumentary System pt.2

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  • Simple epithelium types
    Includes squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelium. Key parts: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane; cuboidal also has apical, basal, and lateral surfaces.
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
    Contains pseudostratified columnar cells with cilia on the apical surface to help move mucus.
  • Areolar connective tissue components
    Contains collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and fibroblast nuclei in a loose matrix.
  • Dense regular connective tissue (Tendon)
    Composed mainly of collagen fibers and fibroblasts arranged in parallel for strength.
  • Reticular connective tissue
    Contains reticular cells and reticular fibers forming a supportive network.
  • Hyaline cartilage structure
    Made of chondrocytes in lacunae, embedded in a smooth matrix.
  • Elastic cartilage features
    Contains chondrocytes, matrix, and abundant elastic fibers for flexibility.
  • Ground bone components
    Includes osteocytes housed in osteons, the structural units of compact bone.
  • Adipose tissue characteristics
    Composed of adipose cells with large oil vacuoles and peripheral nuclei.
  • Blood cell types
    Includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets circulating in plasma.
  • Smooth muscle cell features
    Spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus, lacking striations.
  • Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics
    Long, cylindrical fibers with striations and multiple nuclei.
  • Cardiac muscle identifiers
    Contains intercalated discs, striations, and usually one central nucleus.
  • Nervous tissue components
    Includes neurons and glial cells, with neuron parts: cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axon.
  • Skin layers overview
    Consists of epidermis, dermis (papillary and reticular layers), and hypodermis.
  • Epidermis strata
    Five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
  • Dermis layers and features
    Includes papillary and reticular layers; contains dermal papillae, hair follicles, glands, and arrector pili muscles.
  • Hair structure parts
    Hair consists of follicle, root, shaft, medulla, cortex, cuticle, and root sheaths.
  • Types of skin glands
    Includes sebaceous glands and sweat glands (merocrine and apocrine).
  • Hypodermis composition
    Primarily made of adipose tissue providing insulation and cushioning.
  • Nail anatomy parts
    Includes body, bed, groove, fold, hyponychium, eponychium, lunula, root, and matrix.
  • Anatomical position basics
    Standard body position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.
  • Body planes
    Includes sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse planes dividing the body.
  • Body cavities
    Major cavities: dorsal (cranial and spinal) and ventral (thoracic and abdominopelvic).