Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology I - Exam 1 Key Concepts

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/30

Terms in this set (30)

  • Organ

    A structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions.

  • Tissue

    A group of similar cells and their extracellular matrix that perform a common function.

  • Organ System

    A group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions.

  • Endocrine vs Exocrine glands

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream; Exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to an epithelial surface.

  • Sagittal section

    A vertical plane dividing the body into left and right parts.

  • Transverse section

    A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

  • Frontal section

    A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

  • Oblique section

    A cut made at an angle between the horizontal and vertical planes.

  • Directional terms: distal, anterior, etc.

    Examples: Distal means farther from the point of attachment; Anterior means toward the front of the body.

  • Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic solutions

    Hypertonic: solution causes cells to shrink; Hypotonic: causes cells to swell; Isotonic: no net change in cell volume.

  • Histology

    The study of tissues and their structure under the microscope.

  • Homeostasis

    The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

    To trap and move particles out of the respiratory tract using cilia.

  • Types of connective tissue and their functions

    Examples: Loose connective supports organs; Dense connective provides strength; Cartilage cushions joints; Bone supports and protects; Blood transports substances.

  • Types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated; Cardiac: involuntary, striated, heart; Smooth: involuntary, non-striated, walls of organs.

  • Nucleus function

    Controls cell activities and contains DNA.

  • Golgi Apparatus function

    Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

  • Mitochondria function

    Produces ATP through cellular respiration, the cell's energy source.

  • Difference between cilia, microvilli, and flagella

    Cilia: move substances across cell surface; Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption; Flagella: propel the cell.

  • Positive vs Negative feedback loops

    Positive feedback amplifies a response (e.g., childbirth contractions); Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain homeostasis (e.g., body temperature regulation).

  • Chemical making up 60-80% of body weight

    Water is the primary chemical, essential for life processes.

  • Serous, mucous, and cutaneous membranes

    Serous: line body cavities and reduce friction; Mucous: line cavities open to outside; Cutaneous: skin, protects body surface.

  • Effect of hypertonic solution on cells

    Cells lose water and shrink due to higher solute concentration outside.

  • Effect of hypotonic solution on cells

    Cells gain water and swell due to lower solute concentration outside.

  • Effect of isotonic solution on cells

    No net water movement; cells maintain normal size.

  • Where to find pseudostratified epithelium

    Commonly found lining the respiratory tract.

  • Role of collagen in connective tissue

    Collagen provides tensile strength and structural support.

  • DNA replication

    Process of copying DNA before cell division.

  • Transcription

    Process of making mRNA from DNA template.

  • Translation

    Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA instructions.