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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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Terms in this set (34)

  • What are the 4 tissue types and their general roles?

    Epithelial: covers surfaces and lines cavities.
    Connective: supports and binds other tissues.
    Muscle: enables movement.
    Nervous: transmits signals.

  • Difference between a blast and a cyte cell in connective tissue?

    Blast: immature, actively secretes matrix.
    Cyte: mature, maintains the matrix.

  • What is the epiphyseal plate?

    A growth plate of hyaline cartilage where long bones lengthen during development.

  • Define fossa, epicondyle, ramus, meatus, and foramen.

    Fossa: shallow depression.
    Epicondyle: projection above a condyle.
    Ramus: branch-like bone extension.
    Meatus: canal or tube.
    Foramen: hole for vessels or nerves.

  • Name the types of bone and examples of each.

    Long bones: femur, humerus.
    Short bones: carpals, tarsals.
    Flat bones: skull, ribs.
    Irregular bones: vertebrae, pelvis.

  • What is appositional growth?

    Bone growth in thickness by adding new layers on the surface.

  • What is concentric growth?

    Growth of bone tissue in rings around the central canal forming osteons.

  • Difference between axial and appendicular skeleton?

    Axial: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
    Appendicular: limbs and girdles.

  • Role of thyroxine in the body?

    Regulates metabolism and promotes bone growth.

  • Function of calcitonin?

    Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption.

  • Role of estrogen in bone physiology?

    Helps maintain bone density by inhibiting resorption.

  • Function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    Increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption.

  • Role of growth hormone in bone development?

    Stimulates overall bone growth and remodeling.

  • What are perforating canals in bone?

    Channels that connect central canals of osteons to each other and the periosteum.

  • What is the central canal in bone?

    Core channel in an osteon containing blood vessels and nerves.

  • Function of canaliculi in bone?

    Small channels that connect osteocytes for nutrient and waste exchange.

  • What are nutrient foramens?

    Openings in bone surface allowing blood vessels to enter the bone.

  • Role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle?

    Blocks myosin-binding sites on actin filaments at rest.

  • Function of myoglobin in muscle?

    Stores oxygen in muscle cells for aerobic respiration.

  • What do T tubules do in muscle fibers?

    Transmit electrical signals deep into muscle fibers to trigger contraction.

  • Define actin and myosin filaments.

    Actin: thin filaments.
    Myosin: thick filaments responsible for contraction.

  • What are Z discs, A band, and I band in muscle?

    Z discs: boundaries of sarcomeres.
    A band: length of thick filaments.
    I band: region of thin filaments only.

  • Define epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

    Epimysium: surrounds entire muscle.
    Perimysium: surrounds fascicles.
    Endomysium: surrounds individual muscle fibers.

  • What is a fascicle in muscle?

    A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium.

  • Define fatigue period in muscle contraction.

    Time when muscle cannot respond to stimulus due to exhaustion.

  • What is the latent period in muscle contraction?

    Delay between stimulus and start of contraction.

  • Define refractory period in muscle physiology.

    Time after contraction when muscle cannot be stimulated again.

  • What is the relaxation period in muscle contraction?

    Time when muscle tension decreases and returns to resting state.

  • Define elasticity, extensibility, contractility, and excitability in muscle.

    Elasticity: ability to return to original length.
    Extensibility: ability to stretch.
    Contractility: ability to shorten.
    Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli.

  • What is hydrolysis in cellular respiration?

    Breakdown of molecules by adding water, releasing energy.

  • What is the citric acid cycle?

    A series of chemical reactions producing energy carriers from acetyl-CoA.

  • Role of the electron transport chain?

    Transfers electrons to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

  • What is glycolysis?

    Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP anaerobically.

  • What is Myasthenia gravis?

    An autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness by blocking acetylcholine receptors.